COM 372 Exercise Where did you see prejudice specifically racism Where does racism lie Who can be racist sexist etc What are some possible causes of racism IndividualCognitive Level ID: 371759
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Slide1
Prejudice
COM 372Slide2
Exercise
Where did you see prejudice (specifically, racism)?
Where does “racism” lie?
Who can be racist (sexist, etc.)?
What are some possible causes of racism?Slide3
Individual/Cognitive Level
Expectations
Perception and Cognitive processing
Memory storage & retrieval processes
:
Selective attention
Input
:
perceptual filters: Selection
/
Selective perception
Storage
: Long and short-term memory
Retrieval
: Forgetting, memory interference:
Selective recall
InterpretationSlide4
Ways to see identity &
comm
Social Identity Theory
Gudykunst
& Lim, 1986
Interpersonal
Intergroup
Interpersonal
Intergroup
High
Low
Low
High
LowSlide5Slide6
Baldwin’s 3 dimensions
Interpersonal
: individual perception of communicators, based on personal experiences
Intercultural
:
real
differences in values, beliefs, behaviors, regardless of awareness
Intergroup
:
perceived
differences between communicators based on group identity (e.g., in-group/out-group perception, stereotypes, prejudice) Slide7
Cognitive Processes: Attribution
Axes:
Internal/External
Controlability
Permanence
Biases
Self-protective bias:
Other biases (primacy,
recency
, consistency, etc.)
Fundamental attribution error:
Ultimate attribution error:“We lost the game becauseNegative Outcome
Positive outcomeMe/my group
“Them”/ “their” groupSlide8
Cognitive Processes
Categorization?
Why is it good?
Why is it bad?
How does it work?
Stereotypes
Overgeneralizations
Social stereotype
Content and other dimensions
Kernel of truth
MediaSlide9
Stereotypes of Whites and Blacks
(Houston, 1993; Leonard & Locke, 1993)
Whites (of Blacks)
:
Loud/Noisy
Showy
Aggressive
Active
Boastful
Blacks (of Whites)
Demanding
Manipulative Rude CriticalSuperficialSlide10
Prejudice
Behavior or attitude?
Intent or result of action?
Communicative prejudice:
ethophaulisms
(epithets)
Racial jokes
Individual or Institutional
Direct versus indirect institutional racism
Overt versus subtle/symbolic/everyday
Who can be racist, sexist, etc.?Slide11
Prejudice approaches
(Ting-Toomey & Chung, p. 247)
Exploitation theory (e.g., Marxist)
Scapegoating
Authoritarian personality
Structural approachSlide12
A “layered” or “holographic” approach to prejudice
The main point:
Four
(or three) main aspects)
Spheres:
group identities on which one can be intolerant
Stances:
positions towards various groups
Levels/layers of
analysis:
levels at which intolerance exists
Layers: Implies: ____________________Slide13
Layered approach: 4 Levels
Biological/instinct
Individual
level
Behavioral/psychodynamic
Cognitive
Group-level
Message-level
(rhetoric, media, f2f)
+
Policy/law level?+ History/ current impetus?Slide14
Finding Solutions: Case Study
Hate Crimes against Asians: An interaction in Bro-
Menn
Hospital: “Why don’t you people just go home?”
Hate crimes website:
http://infidelsarecool.com/2010/01/22/fbi-releases-2008-hate-crime-statistics/
The
Contact Hypothesis:
Defined
Clarifications Slide15
Finding Solutions
Anti-Indian sentiment in B-N
Heterosexism/homophobia in high schools
Racial tensions in a Cincinnati community
Palestine/Jewish
Israeli tensions