Discussion In which areas must successful healthcare students have knowledge and skills oral and written communications employability skills and teamwork legal and ethical responsibilities safety practices ID: 785101
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Slide1
Slide2CHAPTER 1
Introduction to Healthcare Systems
Slide3Discussion
In which areas must successful healthcare students have knowledge and skills?
oral and written communications
employability skills and teamwork
legal and ethical responsibilities
safety practices
teamwork
health maintenance practices
information technology skills
Slide4Health Science Careers
Growth in healthcare occupations has soared in the last decade
Standards provide a clear understanding of expectations for health science students
Health career programs are competitive and demanding
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Slide5History of Healthcare
Ancient Chinese doctors made advancements in the practice of acupuncture
Chinese doctors were the first to study the pulse as a means of diagnosis
Egyptians introduced the concepts of diagnosis and prognosis
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Slide6The Greeks
The Greeks realized that some diseases were caused by poor sanitation
Hippocrates, a Greek doctor, has been credited with Hippocratic Oath
Another Greek doctor, Galen, was one of the greatest surgeons of the ancient world
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Slide7Thinking Further
Myth or Fact?
Hospitals are an invention of modern times.
MYTH
Fact:
Hospitals were created in Roman times.
Fact:
The Romans used organized medical care.
Fact:
The Romans also invented many surgical instruments.
Slide8Native Americans
Native Americans were some of the earliest practitioners of the medical arts
Traditions were passed on orally from healer to healer
Navajo and Cherokee tribes used herbs and natural pain relievers
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Slide9Dark and Middle Ages
Around 400 CE, progress in the study of medicine slowed dramatically
The Islamic civilization rose to prominence in medical science during the Middle Ages
Maimonides, a doctor in the Middle Ages, emphasized the importance of a healthy lifestyle
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Slide10Thinking Further
In the Middle Ages, a barber did more than just cut hair. What other services did a barber perform?
surgery
dentistry
bloodletting
traveled with armies
performed amputations
Slide11The Renaissance
The printing press made it possible to mass produce medical books
Scientists began to use the scientific method
The microscope was invented and improved
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Slide12The Industrial Revolution
Factories allowed mass production of medical equipment
The stethoscope and the practice of vaccination were invented
Public health laws designed to control the spread of disease were established
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Slide13Critical Thinking
Why was the invention of anesthesia in the nineteenth century so important to medical practice?
Anesthesia makes painless surgery possible.
With the invention of anesthesia, fewer patients died from the shock and pain of surgery.
Slide14Women in Medicine
Florence Nightingale
Tended to wounded soldiers in the Crimean War
Founded the first secular nursing school, St Thomas’ Hospital in London, in 1860
Elizabeth Blackwell
First woman to formally study and practice medicine in the United States
Clara Barton
Formed the American Red Cross, one of the largest humanitarian organizations in the world
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Slide15Pathogens and Sterilization
Ignaz Semmelweis and Joseph Lister promoted the benefits of hand washing
Louis Pasteur helped develop the study of infectious microscopic organisms
Robert Koch
discovered that some diseases are caused by pathogens
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Slide16The Twentieth Century and Beyond
Penicillin became the first antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections
The development of X-ray technology opened up new possibilities in healthcare
Other important developments include the CT scan and the electrocardiogram
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Slide17Discovering Radium and Insulin
Marie and Pierre Curie discovered radium
Therapeutic uses for radiation, including cancer treatment, were developed
Insulin discovered by Frederick Banting and Charles Best
Methods of harvesting (and later producing) insulin were developed
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Slide18Critical Thinking
The discovery of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the molecule that carries genetic information, took place in April 1953. How has this discovery affected medical science?
Studying DNA involves the identification of genes that trigger major diseases and influences the creation of drugs to treat these diseases. The identification and analysis of genes has greatly influenced therapeutic treatments.
Slide19Medical Machines and Electronics
Machines can now serve as substitutes for certain organs
Dialysis machines
Heart-lung bypass machines
Organ transplantation continues to be increasingly successful
Robotic devices are used to assist in microsurgery and in hospital pharmacies
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Slide20Treating Mental Illness
Psychoanalysis is a method of treating mental and emotional disorders
Psychiatric medication gradually became prevalent during the twentieth century
Public and private psychiatric hospitals serve the mentally ill
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Slide21Thinking Further
What is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and what group of people often suffer from PTSD?
PTSD is a term for various psychiatric conditions formerly known as
shell shock
.
Many soldiers who serve in war experience PTSD.
Slide22Genomic Medicine
Studies a person’s DNA sequences for differences
These differences may explain why one person will develop a disease and respond to a certain drug and another will not
Researchers may be able to determine genes that cause certain diseases
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Slide23The United States’ Healthcare Industry Today
Government health insurance programs and laws
Private, managed care insurance plans
Government agencies that provide healthcare services
Volunteer health agencies
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Slide24Medicare and Medicaid
Medicare
Government-funded insurance program
People over the age of 65 are eligible
Also covers people of any age who have a disability
Medicaid
Insurance program for people with low incomes and few personal assets
Paid for by state and federal taxes
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Slide25Worker’s Compensation
Form of government insurance
Provides wage replacement and medical benefits for employees injured while at work
Most states require employers to have worker’s compensation insurance
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Slide26Thinking Further
The Affordable Care Act (ACA) was passed in 2010 with the intention of increasing the quality and affordability of health insurance. What are some ways the law accomplishes these goals?
The law requires insurance companies to cover all applicants within the new standards.
People are to be offered the same rates regardless of preexisting conditions.
The ACA allows dependents to be covered by their parents’ insurance policies until age 26.
Slide27Private, Managed Care Insurance Plans
Insurers have developed managed care to try to control healthcare costs
HMOs provide prepaid, comprehensive healthcare at a flat rate and for a fixed period of time through a network
PPOs
contract with a network of preferred providers from which the patient can choose
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Slide28Controlling Healthcare Costs
Healthcare costs have risen for a variety of reasons
As healthcare costs rise, so do healthcare insurance premiums
Many cost-reducing efforts have already been implemented
Healthcare reform calls for major changes to provide affordable insurance for more Americans
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Slide29Government Agencies for Healthcare Services
United States Public Health Service
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
World Health Organization (WHO)
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Slide30Thinking Further
Volunteer agencies play a very important role in advancing good health in our communities. What are some examples of volunteer health agencies?
American Cancer Society
Muscular Dystrophy Association
National Association of Mental Health
American Red Cross
Slide31Healthcare Facilities
The United States has more than 6,500 hospitals
Hospitals may be non-profit, for-profit, or government-owned
Short-stay hospitals offer treatment for acute, or severe, medical problems
The number of long-term care facilities has increased in recent years
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Slide32Specialty Centers
Trauma centers
Surgical centers
Urgent-care centers
Walk-in clinics
Optical centers
Mental health facilitiesKidney dialysis centers
Rehabilitation centers
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Slide33Doctors’ and Dentists’ Offices
Doctors often have family practices that focus on providing healthcare to patients
Some doctors focus on specialties, such as orthopedics or cardiology
Dentists sometimes join together to form a dental clinic
Some dentists specialize in treating certain age groups or dental conditions
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Slide34Thinking Further
Myth or Fact?
Facilities that offer care for terminally ill (dying) patients are called
hospice
facilities
.
FACT
Fact:
Hospice care focuses on relieving patients’ pain and symptoms of their terminal illness without seeking to cure the illness.
Fact:
Hospice care is also called
palliative care
.
Slide35Consumer Responsibility
Consumers should understand how the healthcare system can work for them
Self-advocacy is an important element of being a healthcare consumer
It is the patient’s responsibility to seek medical care, follow doctor’s orders, and take advantage of available resources
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Slide36Regulations for Healthcare Workers
Many rules and regulations apply to healthcare workers
Rules vary by state and the type of facility in which workers are employed
An employee handbook will cover many rules and regulations workers must follow
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Slide37The Future of Healthcare
There will likely be continuing controversy over how to control healthcare costs
Research is being done to find cures and treatments for many diseases and conditions
Healthcare workers will continue to provide outstanding care to those who are ill
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Slide38Critical Thinking
What area of healthcare do you find interesting as a possible career choice? Why?
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