epistemologica e metodologica nellanalisi di fenomeni cognitivi nel Regno animale Enrico Alleva e Simone Macrì Istituto Superiore di Sanità Roma Italy ID: 541127
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“Evoluzione epistemologica e metodologica nell’analisi di fenomeni cognitivi nel Regno animale”Enrico Alleva e Simone MacrìIstituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy. Laboratorio di Neuroetica e cognizione socialeRoma, 18-12-2015Slide2
Charles Darwin1809-1882Slide3
Contribution to comparative psychology: methodology
Questionnaire administered to collaborators aimed at evaluating the expression of emotions across different races. Slide4
[…] Dr. J. Crichton Browne has also often noticed in melancholic patients who keep their eyebrows persistently oblique, "a peculiar acute arching of the upper eyelid." A trace of this may be observed by comparing the right and left eyelids of the young man in the photograph (fig. 2, Plate II.); […]
[…] But the most conspicuous result of the opposed contraction of the above-named muscles, is exhibited by the peculiar furrows formed on the forehead. […]
Contribution to comparative psychology: methodology
http://darwin-online.org.ukSlide5
Fig. 9. Cat, savage and prepared to fight.Fig. 10. Cat in an affectionate frame of mind.
Fig. 15. Cat terrified at a dog.
http://darwin-online.org.uk
Contribution to comparative psychology: methodology Slide6
Jane Goodall (1934-)Slide7Slide8
Donald R. Griffin (1915-2003)Slide9
Aldo Fasolo (1943-2014) Slide10
Ethical considerations
P. Bateson, When to experiment on animals. New Scientist, 109 (1986), pp. 30–32Slide11
Bateson, P. (1981) Ontogeny of behaviour. Br Med Bull 37, 159-164
Keeping in mind Patrick Bateson
’s cardinal view of neurobehavioral development in mammals as a process akin to the metamorphosis of a caterpillar into a butterfly Slide12Slide13Slide14Slide15Slide16Slide17
Morris Water MazeSlide18
Barnes MazeSlide19
The hot-plate testHow do we measure pain in laboratory animals?Slide20
NOCICEPTIVE RESPONSESForepaw lickingStanding on hindlimbs
and
licking forepaws in a washing
action
Hindpaw lickingHead tilted towards hindpaw with ventral surface angled upwards
Testicle
lickingSelf
explained, rare
EXPLORATORY/ESCAPE RESPONSES
Wall rearingStanding on hindlimbs and touching the wall of the apparatus with the forepaws
Rearing
Standing on hindlimbs
JumpingJumping
from the hot-plate surface
From: F. Cirulli, L. De Acetis, E.
Alleva (2000)How do we measure pain in laboratory animals?Slide21
Latency (s)
*
**
55°C - Not isolated (5/cage)
52°C - Not isolated (5/cage)
52°C - Isolated
55°C - Isolated
*p<0.05; **p<0.01
From: F.
Cirulli
, L. De Acetis
, E. Alleva (2000)How do we measure pain in laboratory animals?Slide22
How do we measure pain in laboratory animals?Luminous heat sourceApparatus used for the tail-flick testThe tail-flick testSlide23
How do we measure pain in laboratory animals?The formalin testSlide24
How do we measure pain in laboratory animals?Vacca et al., Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, Volume 26, Issue 3, 2012, 489 - 499Slide25
How do we measure pain in laboratory animals?
Macrì et al., Neurotoxicity Research,
Volume
24, 2013, 15
-
28Slide26
How do we measure pain in laboratory animals?
Aghajani
et al.,
PLoS
ONE
, 8(11):
e80650.Slide27
Pain and distress in laboratory animals and the study of empathy and optimism in animalsSlide28
D J Langford et al. Science 2006;312:1967-1970
Empathy
:
The ability to understand and share the feelings of another
Pain and distress in laboratory animals and the study of empathy and optimism in animalsSlide29
D J Langford et al. Science 2006;312:1967-1970
Pain and distress in laboratory animals and the study of empathy and optimism in animalsSlide30
D J Langford et al. Science 2006;312:1967-1970
Pain and distress in laboratory animals and the study of empathy and optimism in animalsSlide31
D J Langford et al. Science 2006;312:1967-1970
Pain and distress in laboratory animals and the study of empathy and optimism in animalsSlide32
D J Langford et al. Science 2006;312:1967-1970
Pain and distress in laboratory animals and the study of empathy and optimism in animalsSlide33
Pain and distress in laboratory animals and the study of empathy and optimism in animalsSlide34
Formalin injection
Pain and distress in laboratory animals and the study of empathy and optimism in animalsSlide35
Formalin injectionPain and distress in laboratory animals and the study of empathy and optimism in animalsSlide36
Formalin injectionPain and distress in laboratory animals and the study of empathy and optimism in animalsSlide37
Formalin injectionPain and distress in laboratory animals and the study of empathy and optimism in animalsSlide38
Pain and distress in laboratory animals and the study of empathy and optimism in animals
Role of stressors in mediating empathy response
Martin et al., 2015, Current Biology 25, 326–332
Mice under variable stressful conditions
Unfamiliar dyads (students)
Unfamiliar dyads
(after videogame playing) Slide39
Depressed state
;
pessimism
Feelings of helplessness and
hopelessness
Loss of interest in daily
activities
Appetite or weight
changes
Sleep
changes
Anger or
irritability
Loss of
energy
Reckless
behavior
.
Pain and distress in laboratory animals and the study of empathy and optimism in animalsSlide40
Depressed state;
pessimism
Feelings of helplessness and
hopelessness
Loss of interest in daily
activities
Appetite or weight
changes
Sleep
changes
Anger or
irritability
Loss of
energy
Reckless
behavior
.
Pain and distress in laboratory animals and the study of empathy and optimism in animalsSlide41
Pessimism (cognitive bias?)“… people in a negative state are more likely to make negative judgements about future events or ambiguous stimuli (‘pessimism’) than people in positive states who show more optimistic judgements and interpretations…” (Mendl et al., 2009)
Pain and distress in laboratory animals and the study of empathy and optimism in animalsSlide42
Pessimism (cognitive bias?)
Pain and distress in laboratory animals and the study of empathy and optimism in animalsSlide43
Pessimism (cognitive bias?)
Pain and distress in laboratory animals and the study of empathy and optimism in animalsSlide44
Pessimism (cognitive bias?)
Pain and distress in laboratory animals and the study of empathy and optimism in animals
Harding and
Mendl
,
Nature
, 2004