During the 1940s because of the WWII and the Chinese Civil War the Chinese government encouraged people to have large families to gain military strength and for the people to help with agricultural production ID: 242891
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Slide1
One Child PolicySlide2
During the 1940’s , because of the WWII and the Chinese Civil War, the Chinese government encouraged people to have large families, to gain
military strength
and for the people to help with
agricultural production...
Farming...
Soldiering... Slide3
“
A big population is a very good thing … even if China’s population multiplies many times we are fully capable of finding solutions.
” -Mao Zedong, 1949
(He countered criticism of his policy by claiming that “with every mouth comes two hands…” meaning that it would be okay to have a large population as there would be more people to work the fields to grow the food. The problem is… there was not arable land to do so.)Slide4
“
Bear as many children as possible…
to make China stronger
.” -Mao Zedong
“The happy life Chairman Mao gave us.”, 1954
In 1953, the census revealed a doubling of the population in a very short period of time… Slide5
“
Late, spaced, and few…”
“Practice family planning for the revolution.”, 1972
“
Deliver medicine (contraceptives) to the door step,
do a good job in birth control work.”, 1974
In 1953, the census revealed a doubling of the population in a very short period of time, so by 1956 Mao Zedong began a family planning campaign. Slide6
This led to
OVERPOPULATION
in the 50’s and 60’ s after peace had come.
It was estimated that the population was increased by
55 million every 3 years since then!!Slide7
During the 1950’s and 1960’s the Chinese government tried to address the problem by encouraging people to have fewer children...
As a result, average family sizes fell from 5 children per family to 3 children...Slide8
However, this still wasn’t enough as the population was still growing at a rapid rate. China introduced the:
ONE CHILD POLICY
In 1979
.The marriageable age was also changed to tackle overpopulation... 22 for men and 20 for women!Slide9
“
One couple, one child.”
1979
“
It is absolutely imperative that we all support the One Child Policy in our country.
If we don’t, our people will go hungry. Do you think we want our people to be a burden to the rest of the world? It is our duty to have only one child
.”
-Rongzhao Li, Wuhan, Hubei Province
Despite a decline in the population during the Great Leap Forward & the Cultural Revolution, the campaign became more intensive in the 1960s. Family planning & education was advertised on TV, radio, & in newspapers. Slide10
During Mao Zedong's rule the population policy of China was “the more people, the stronger we are”, leading to overpopulation and a series of famines.
When Deng Xiaoping took power in 1978, his new policies focused on strengthening China's economy, and he saw overpopulation as a block to economic development.
During the 1960s the population growth rate averaged 2.4% per year
POPULATION POLICIESSlide11
Rationale for the Policy
Feeding 25% of world’s population on 7% of the arable land
Population containment essential to economic reform & living standards
Flooding & famine can send them into starvationSlide12
1 Late marriage
– men were encouraged to marry no earlier than 28 years old (25 in rural areas) and women no earlier than 25 years old (23 in rural areas).
2 Longer spacing between births
– couples were encouraged to allow at least a four-year gap after the first child before having another baby.
3 Fewer children
– it was suggested that urban families should be limited to two children, and rural families to three children.
In the 1970s the Chinese government had issued three policies to reduce the birth rate:
1970 POPULATION POLICYSlide13
In 1979 the authorities tightened their control and limited households to only one child.
The goal of this policy was to limit China’s population to 1.2 billion by the year 2000.
1979 POPULATION POLICY – THE ONE CHILD POLICYSlide14
English translation: Control our population at 1,200 millionSlide15
China’s one child policy was first introduced by Deng Xiaoping (
Teng Hsiao-ping
) in 1978, and applied to all babies born starting in 1979.
Designated a "temporary measure" the one child policy recently had its 30
th
anniversary
It has been renewed every five years, recently in 2010
HistorySlide16
Article 8 The State gives rewards to organizations and individuals that have scored outstanding achievements in the population programme and family planning.
2002 POPULATION and FAMILY PLANNING LAW
Article 18 The State maintains its current policy for reproduction, encouraging late marriage and childbearing and advocating one child per couple.
Article 19 Family planning shall be practised chiefly by means of contraception.
Article 22 Discrimination against,
maltreatment and abandonment of baby girls are prohibited.Slide17
FAMILY PLANNING PROPAGANDASlide18
Article 23 The State rewards couples who practise family planning.
2002 POPULATION and FAMILY PLANNING LAW
Article 27 The State shall issue to a couple who volunteer to have only one child in their lifetime a “Certificate of Honour for Single-Child Parents”. Couples who are issued the said certificate shall enjoy rewards.
Article 35 Use of ultrasonography or other techniques to identify foetal gender for non-medical purposes is strictly prohibited. Sex-selective pregnancy termination for
non-medical purposes is strictly prohibited.
Article 41 Citizens who give birth to babies not in compliance with the provisions of Article 18 of this Law
shall pay a social maintenance fee prescribed by law.Slide19
FAMILY PLANNING PROPAGANDASlide20
Article 6
In order to get married, the man shall not be younger than 22 years old and the woman shall not be younger than 20. Late marriage and late child birth shall
be encouraged.
Article 16
Both husband and wife shall be under the obligation of following the policy of birth control.
2002 MARRIAGE LAWSlide21
FAMILY PLANNING PROPAGANDASlide22
LATER
Delayed marriage and delayed child bearing
LONGER
Longer spacing between births
FEWER Fewer children – ideally one child per couple
"Later,
Longer,
Fewer "
The
Planned Birth
policy of the government of the People's Republic of China is known as the
One-child Policy
Slide23
English translation: It's better to marry and have children at a mature age.Slide24
FAMILY PLANNING PROPAGANDASlide25
Why?
During a century of rebellions, wars, epidemics, and the collapse of imperial authority, the annual population growth was probably no more than 0.3%
As the result of falling death rates, the population growth rate rose to 2.8%, leading to some 250 million additional people by 1970.
Such an expansion was initially seen as part of China’s new strengthChinese officials say that if it wasn’t for the one child policy there might be 300 million more people in china by today.Slide26
FAMILY PLANNING PROPAGANDASlide27
What?
The one-child policy or family-planning policy says that each couple living in the urban areas can have only one child.
Unless:one or both parents are from an ethnic minorityBoth parents are only children. In most rural areas, a couple may have a second child after a break of several years.
One Child Policy Propaganda Slide28
WHAT IS IT?
China’s One Child policy is a policy that the Chinese government introduced in 1979 to try and solve the problem of overpopulation. It’s main purpose was to make sure that China could support its large population with facilities such as healthcare, education, housing, good jobs and most importantly, food. The aim was to reduce poverty and to improve overall quality of life for the people.
The Policy is not formally written into Chinese law but it is strictly enforced with three main factors. These are:
Favouring delayed marriage and delayed child birth
Favouring fewer and healthier births, rather than more unsuccessful ones
Laying down the rule of one child per couple.
The one child policy is very hard to enforce but the presence of it has definitely played a part in improving China’s overpopulation problem.Slide29Slide30
Reasons for Endorsement
Population control
Regulation of resources
IndustryAgricultureScience & technologyDefense
Billboard promoting the
One-Child PolicySlide31
FAMILY PLANNING PROPAGANDASlide32
The Policy: Rules and Guidelines
Signing the agreement
Special circumstances
Birth defectsMarriage circumstancesRural vs. UrbanGender of the first bornSlide33
FAMILY PLANNING PROPAGANDASlide34
60 exceptions to Rule
Rule applies to fewMainly urbanites & gov’t employeesSlide35
Exceptions
Farmers
Ethnic minorities
Families with disabled first childMultiple birthsParents who work in high risk occupationParents who are single children themselvesEtc,etc,etc.Slide36
ONE CHILD POLICY - EXCEPTIONS
There are no sanctions for couples that have multiple births (i.e twins).
As a result, some wealthy couples are turning to fertility medicines to have multiple births, due to the lack of penalties against couples who have more than one child in their first birth.
Ethnic minorities are formally excluded from the policy (8% of the pop).
If both parents are only children, they are allowed to have more than one child provided the children are spaced more than 4 years apart.
In most rural areas if the first child is a girl couples are allowed to have another child.
Families who have children with mental or physical disabilities are sometimes allowed to have another child.Slide37
The HANS
In
RURAL
areas the Han were generally allowed to have a second child if the first child was a GIRL. This was because few people checked in rural areas.Bribes were accepted in rural areas for the spies to keep quiet if they spotted a “two child” family. Slide38
Ethnic Minorities
Ethnic minorities were allowed two children in rural areas, and sometimes up to four if no one was checking.
The government didn't want ethnic minorities to die out and in rural areas they needed them to work on farms...Slide39
FAMILY PLANNING PROPAGANDASlide40
Children born outside of China
Some parents manage to be outside the country or in Hong Kong, Macau, or Taiwan when giving birth to their child. Those children do not count in the one-child policy, even if they are technically a natural born Chinese citizen through parentage.
ONE CHILD POLICY - EXCEPTIONS
As a result the overall fertility rate is closer to two children per family than to one child per family.Slide41
English translation: One child, prosperous lifeSlide42
IT MAKES SENSE!
OBEY
DISOBEY
You will get a higher standard of education for your child.
There is an increased role for both parents in the workplace.
You will be provided with support about other birth control measures.
Your second child and any others you decide to have will be unregistered.
Your second child will not receive any authorised education.
You will not be supported with future child birth control
☑
☒Slide43
Rewards & Punishments
Loss of family allowances
Loss of medical benefits
Demotion/discharge from government jobsConfiscation of propertyFines- up to 7x annual salarySocial stigma
“One Child Certificate” Cash bonusesLonger maternity leave
Better childcare
Preferential housing
Preferential employment
Preferential school placement
Paid medical/hospital expenses
Increased grain rations & other material goodsSlide44
English translation: Up agricultural production, down population increaseSlide45
Penalties vary according to region
Economic incentives for compliance
Fees levied for non compliance
Loss of job securityConfiscation of belongingsSlide46
HOW IS IT ENFORCED?
As you can imagine, enforcing a policy as strict as this is an extremely taxing challenge. However the Chinese government has implemented ways in ensuring hat it’s population stick to the rules they have been given. These rules include:
Penalties given to anyone found breaking the policy. This may be given in money, up to 10 000yuans(approx.13yuan to £1). It could also be paid in livestock which is precious for families for food.
Benefits such as rice rations are not given to families with more than one child.
In some rural areas, peasants are encouraged to have more than one child to increase the amounts received from punishment fines. This money is then used to benefit the community and improve living conditions.Slide47
English translation: The party calls for the partisan to set an example of having only one child.Slide48
The Policy: Benefits/Motivations
Economic:
wage supplements
Housing: preference, living spaceMedical care: free until 14 yearsEducation: priority, freeOld age benefits: supplementary pension, standard of living Maternity leave allowance: 54 days with full work pay, nutrition subsidy
Sterilization rewards after first childSlide49
Violation of the Policy
Economic losses
Reduction in grain rations
Limitation on land and agriculture resourcesIneligibility of promotion for 4 yearsReduction in wagesMedical care and education costsMedical care and education prioritySlide50
Penalties
Fines ($65 - $9,000)
Forced abortions, some as late as nine monthsSeizing or destroying property of families that cannot pay the fines
Job loss
http://
vodpod.com/watch/4973815-violating-one-child-policy-forced-abortion-at-8-months
Slide51
Positive Outcome?
Has reduced the country's population of 1.3 billion by as much as 300 million people over its first twenty years.
Slide52
SUCCESSES and FAILURES
Official government policy opposes forced abortion or sterilisation, but allegations of coercion continue as local officials strive to meet population targets.
The one-child policy is criticized as violating basic human rights and China has been accused of meeting its population requirements through bribery, coercion, forced sterilisation, forced abortion, and infanticide.
A report in 2001 showed that a quota of 20,000 forced abortions had been set in the province of Guandong due to the reported disregard of the one-child policy.
China's population of 1.3 billion is said to be 300 million smaller than it would likely have been without the enactment of this policy. Slide53
Success or Failure?
One Child Policy 1979
1980 China has 1 billion people
Began as a temporary measure but lasts to today and will continue (reassessment in 2010)Has been limited to urban populationsFines, pressures to abort a pregnancy, and forced sterilization accompanied second or subsequent pregnancies Slide54
WHY ONLY 1?
The benefits of having only one child are:
You have more time to concentrate on that one child and therefore, you will be able to show them much more love
You won’t be put under as much financial strain as you would be if you were to have more than one child.
There is much less hassle to deal with! Less nappies, less crying, less sleepless nights, less baby gear to buy, less money to save etc.
One child will not take up as much of your time as two or three will, so you will have more time to concentrate on you and focus on a career maybe.
Your child is much more likely to become successful if you are able to spend more time supporting it.
You will be able to offer your child a better quality of life if you are able to focus all of your attention on it, rather than numerous children.Slide55
The Policy: Consequences
Gender imbalance
Gender inequality
Human reproductive rightsMother’s healthForced abortionInvoluntary sterilizationCarrying family lineagePsychology of childrenSlide56
Figure 2.
Billboard in Hebei Province Promoting Girls.
The advertisement reads, "There's no difference between having a girl or a boy — girls can also continue the family line."Slide57
This population pyramid presents the female minus the male population by age. In most age groups China has a larger male than female population, particularly in young age groups where the "surplus" in male population is substantial. This well-known phenomenon, called "missing girls“, is due to the strong preference for male births in Chinese and most other Asian societies. In the past few decades the one-child policy has certainly contributed, however there has always been an element of cultural favouritism towards boys. It is believed that only boys can later keep up the family tradition. In rural areas, farmers want to have at least one male child to take over the family farm.Slide58
The traditional attitude to girls is best described in the ancient "Book of Songs" (1000-700 B.C.):
"When a son is born,
Let him sleep on the bed,
Clothe him with fine clothes,
And give him jade to play...
When a daughter is born,
Let her sleep on the ground,
Wrap her in common wrappings,
And give broken tiles to play..."
SUCCESSES and FAILURESSlide59
Son preference has a long history in China and is tied to the social and economic roles of males in Chinese families.
Family
lineage is traced through males, and sons are responsible for caring for their parents in their old age.
Marriage
practices reflect these traditions. When daughters marry, they leave their birth families to join their husbands’ families.
In rural areas, few peasants have retirement pensions, so aging parents depend on their children for support.
Because
daughters have traditionally married out of the family, a couple with no son may end up without financial and personal support.
Thus
, regardless of their acceptance of the state’s control of population growth, most Chinese citizens want at least one
son. Slide60
118
100
105
100
100
136
World
China
Hainan province
male births female births
China’s sex ratio at birth of 118 male infants for every 100 female infants is likely to be due to 3 factors;
underreporting of female births
excessive female infant mortality
and prenatal sex determination and sex-selective abortion
SUCCESSES and FAILURESSlide61
Effects
The one child policy has had a strong impact on the gender ratio in China.
Culturally the Chinese people favour having sons over having daughters. - this goes back much further in history than the one child policy
:
This strong gender bias has resulted in approximately 117 males for every 100 females among babies from birth through children four years of age. In rural areas it can be as high as 130 males for every 100 females. Normally, 105 males are naturally born for every 100 females.
As of 2005, "males under the age of 20 exceeded females by more than 32 million."
"When a son is born,
Let him sleep on the bed,
Clothe him with fine clothes,
And give him jade to play...
When a daughter is born,
Let her sleep on the ground,
Wrap her in common wrappings,
And give broken tiles to play..."
-ancient "Book of Songs" (1000-700 B.C.)Slide62
This unbalance in males to females has resulted in increasing pressure on men to find a wife.
“Serious” problems ahead can be seen in the increasing cases of human trafficking as bachelors try to "purchase" their wives.
Women are being kidnapped from China, as well as surrounding countries to be sold to men who are without a wife.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v1Cz3XF0EBYSlide63
The Ugly Truth
Heightened suicide rates among women. At the tiny restaurant where Xinran eats lunch, the waitress tries to kill herself twice, each time after a little girl’s birthday party. The woman is tortured by the happy faces because, thinking it her duty to produce a male heir, she had smothered her baby daughters. She survives because, as well as the bottle of agricultural fertiliser she swallowed, she drank one of washing-up liquid, thinking that any chemical in a bottle was poison. The detergent diluted the fertiliser’s fatal dose.
.
Forced abortions and sterilizations.
QIAN’AN, China — Yang Zhongchen, a small-town businessman, wined and dined three government officials for permission to become a father. But the Peking duck and liquor weren’t enough. One night, a couple of weeks before her date for giving birth, Yang’s wife was dragged from her bed in a north China town and taken to a clinic, where, she says, her baby was killed by injection while still inside her.
“Several people held me down, they ripped my clothes aside and the doctor pushed a large syringe into my stomach,” says Jin Yani, a shy, petite woman with a long ponytail. “It was very painful. ... It was all very rough.”
Increased human trafficking and crime rates.
23-year-old Patricia Suarez. A neighbour working for a Hong Kong gang suggested a trip, promising the young mother an escape from part-time work as a domestic servant that paid only US $50 (HK $387) a week. Desperate for money, the former university student left her two-month old baby with her mother and six brothers and sisters—unaware that she was heading for a nightmare trapped in a sleazy underworld. Ms. Suarez speaks no English or Chinese. From there she was sent out to clients who had contacted the escort agency through adverts in pornographic magazines. At one point she became pregnant and an abortion was arranged by the gang.
Patricia, trafficked in China, originally from Bolivia
Mass gendercide. Millions of missing baby girls.Slide64
“Girl Babies Don’t Count”
Approximately 16 million Chinese baby girls have disappeared since the one child policy was introduced.
They are in orphanages, aborted, unregistered, thrown away, sold as prostitutes or killed at birth.
An average of 90% of children in Chinese orphanages are girls‘Doing a baby girl is not a big thing around here,’ [an] older woman said comfortingly. ‘That’s a living child,’ I said in a shaking voice, pointing at the slops pail. ‘It’s not a child,’ she corrected me. ‘It’s a girl baby, and we can’t keep it. Around these parts, you can’t get by without a son. Girl babies don’t count.’” Xinran (The Economist)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ildS6JI2AlM&feature=relatedSlide65
Effects on Women
Militia force if women do not show up on time for abortion/sterilization
High suicide rates
Abuse/murder if women is suspected to carry a girlCultural belief: women thought to determine sex of the baby
Women in China riot
over one-child policy.Slide66
Effects of One Child Policy
Caused a disdain for female babies
abortion, neglect, abandonment, and even infanticide
114 males for every 100 females (world average is 105:100)“Little Emperor Syndrome” of spoiled only childrenEstimated to have lowered the population by 300 million80’s generation now of childbearing age and are allowed to have two per couple (if you don’t have siblings)Slide67
parents often still perform basic tasks for them:
fixing their hair
tying their shoes
wiping their bottoms.“They’re impossible to discipline” “Parents have a hard time saying no”Little Emperors SyndromeSlide68
POPULATION
PYRAMID
1950 to
2050
In 1950 the population structure of China was typical of a developing country.Slide69
POPULATION
PYRAMID
2005
While the number of children was increasing rapidly between 1950 and about 1970, it is now declining significantly, due to China's one-child family planning program. Slide70
POPULATION
PYRAMID
2050?
In the next few decades, China will experience population ageing - as can be seen by the shrinking base of the population pyramid and the increasing numbers of people age 50 and above.
Slide71
SUCCESSES and FAILURES
China has an ageing population and will have an increasing dependency ratio in the future.
As a result of almost 30 years of the one child policy there is a lower ‘active population’, making it more difficult to support the ‘dependent population’.Slide72
SUCCESSES and FAILURES
the 1 2 4 problem
As the one-child policy approaches the third generation, one adult child supports two parents and four grandparents.
This leaves the oldest and most vulnerable
generation with increased dependency
on retirement funds,
the state, or charity
for support.
4 grandparents
2 parentsSlide73Slide74
New policies in 2002
Choice of contraceptive methods
Client centered family planning services
Permission not needed for first childSlide75
Alternatives
Later-Longer-Fewer Policy
Later marriage, longer spacing between subsequent births, fewer children
The Two Child PolicyFree contraception