Chapter 18 – The Rise of Russia - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Chapter 18 – The Rise of Russia

Moscow

–

capital of Russia; the “3

rd

Rome” took the lead in liberating Russia from the Mongols in the 14

th

c.

Ivan III

–

(Ivan the Great)

responsible for freeing Russia from the Mongols; took the title of

tsar;

gave his government a military focus and used a blend of nationalism and the Orthodox Christian religion to succeed in creating a large independent state.Slide2

Early RussiaSlide3

The Mongols Invade RussiaSlide4

Themes

in Russian History

Expansion by conquest.

The necessity of a strong, central government.Slide5

Early Byzantine Influences:

Orthodox ChristianitySlide6

Early Byzantine Influences:

Orthodox ChristianitySlide7

Ivan the Great

Literacy declined and the economy became purely agricultural and dependent on peasant labor

Ivan III (the Great)

, restored the tradition of

centralized rule

, added a sense of imperial mission

Claimed supervision of all Orthodox churches

Boyars

– the Russian noblesSlide8

Ivan the Great

(r. 1462-1505)

Ivan III Tearing the Great Khan’s Letter Requesting More Tribute in 1480.Slide9

The Russians moved across their regions’ vast plains to the Caspian Sea and Ural Mountains

Russia became a

multicultural

state

The

large Muslim population

was not forced to assimilate to Russian cultureSlide10

Ivan IV (The Terrible)

– Confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking the authority of the boyars (nobles); continued policy of expansion; established contacts in western European commerce and culture

Ivan IV, continued the policy of expansion by conquest

Increased the power

of the tsar by killing many of the boyars

(nobility)

Cossacks

– Peasant adventurers with agricultural and military skills recruited to conquer and settle in newly seized lands in southern Russia and SiberiaSlide11

Cossacks: Farmer/WarriorsSlide12

“Time of Troubles”

– Early 17

th

century period of boyar efforts to regain power and foreign invasion after the death of Ivan IV without an heir;

ended with the selection of Michael Romanov

as tsar in 1613Slide13

Romanov Dynasty

(1613-1917)

Romanov Family CrestSlide14

Michael Romanov

(r. 1613-1645)Slide15

Alexis Romanov

Romanov dynasty

– Ruled Russia from 1613-1917

Boyars

chose a member of the

Romanov family

,

Michael as tsar after the “Time of Troubles”

Michael Romanov

restored internal order, drove out the foreign invaders, and recommenced imperial expansion

Alexis Romanov-

Second ruler of the dynasty

; abolished assemblies of nobles; gained new powers over the Orthodox churchSlide16

Russia & Sweden After the Great Northern War

Peter the Great wanted a port on the Baltic SeaSlide17

Russian

Boyars

Alexis Romanov

increased the tsar’s authority by abolishing the assemblies of nobles (Boyars) and restoring state control over the churchSlide18

Early Byzantine Influences:

Cyrillic Alphabet

Old Believers

– Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov; many were exiled to southern Russia or SiberiaSlide19

NovgorodSlide20

Russia in the Late 1500sSlide21

Peter the Great

(r. 1689-1725)

Peter I (the Great)

– Tsar from 1689-1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; sought to change selected aspects of the economy and culture through imitation of

western European modelsSlide22

Peter the Great

was an autocratic ruler (autocracy); revolts were brutally suppressed

Peter increased the power of the state by forming a Western type military force

A

secret police

was created to prevent dissent and watch over the bureaucracy

A successful war with

Sweden gave Russia a window on the Baltic SeaSlide23

Peter’s capitol moved to the Baltic city of

St. Petersburg

The

first Russian navy

was created

Improved military weaponry

*Less reliable on importing military weapons.

The bureaucracy and military were reorganized on Western principlesSlide24

Peter attempted to provide increased education

in mathematics

Law codes were systematized and the tax system reformed to increase the burdens on the peasantry

“Westernization” meant to Peter the encouragement of autocratic ruleSlide25

Catherine the Great

– German-born Russian tsarina; combined selective Enlightenment ideas with strong centralizing policies;

converted the nobility to a service aristocracy by granting them new power over the peasantry

Partition of Poland

–

three separate divisions of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772,1793,and 1795; eliminated Poland as an independent state

Pugachev Rebellion

– Unsuccessful peasant uprising led by Cossack Pugachev during the 1770’s; typical of peasant unrest during the 18

th

c. and thereafterSlide26

Catherine used the Pugachev

peasant rebellion as an excuse to extend central government authority

Catherine also had a Westernized attitude and brought

Enlightenment ideas

to Russia, but

centralization and strong royal authority were more important to her than Western reform.Slide27

Under Catherine the Great, new territories, including the Crimea on the Black Sea, were gained in central Asia from the OttomansSlide28

Westernization

– Process in which traditional cultures come under the influence of Western culture

Serfdom

– Institution in which a peasant is attached to a feudal estate

Catherine the Great pushed colonization in Siberia and claimed Alaska

Russian explorers went down the North American coast into northern California Slide29

The Pendulum

of Russian History

Pro-West

For Progress & Change

Encourage New Ideas,

Technologies, etc.

Anti-West

Isolationist

Xenophobic

Ultra-Conservative

Most Tsars

Russian Orthodox Church

Military conquest

Boyars/nobility

Peasants/serfdom

A few Tsars

Intellectual elites

Merchants/businessmen

Young members of the middle class.

REFORM-MINDED

LEADER

DEMAGOGUESlide30

A 1649 act made serfdom hereditary

; other 17

th

and 18

th

century laws tied serfs to the land and augmented the legal rights of landlords

Serfs were almost slaves; they were bought, sold and punished by ownersSlide31

Peasant discontent was more significant, they remained loyal to the tsar, but blamed landlords for the harshness of their lives

Russia’s emergence as a key player in both Europe and Asia provided a crucial development in the early modern era