History and Culture of the Hawaiian People - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

History and Culture of the Hawaiian People

Allyx Smith & Taryn McGrewSlide2

Original Colonization of the Hawaiian Islands

Archaeological evidence dates back to as early as 300 CE

Polynesian settlers from the Marquesas and possibly the Society Islands populated the islands between 300-500 CE

A second wave of migration took place from Raiatea and Bora Bora in the 11th century.

The first recorded European contact:

1778- British explorer James CookSlide3

Polynesian Triangle

The Polynesian Triangle

Region of the Pacific Ocean

Three island groups at its corners:

Hawaii

Easter Island (Rapa Nui)

New Zealand

A large imaginary triangle in the Pacific Ocean, encompassing over 1,000 islands.

Polynesia ("many islands")Slide4

Traditional Culture

Ancient Hawaiians had a structured social order with kānāwai (strict regulations and a system of laws)

Kapu (sacred or forbidden).

The mō‘ī (king, queen) and his/her ‘aha kuhina (chiefs and advisers) constituted the highest class--mana (divine power).

Below them were the nobility, known as ali‘i.

Next in rank were the kāhuna,

priests as well as professionals with specific skills in particular fields.

Maka‘āinana

Common people- mostly farmers

Kauā/Kauwā

OutcastsSlide5

Making a Living

Agriculture was the biggest industry in Hawaii

Sugar, coconut, and pineapple formed the core of the plantation system.

Plantations were established in the 1820s and 1830s

Native Hawaiian men were employed as farm workers while Hawaiian women worked in the houses of white immigrants as maids and washer women.

Fishing

Took place both inshore and offshore.

Many fishing techniques were used, each demanding different equipment and procedures:

hand catching, snaring, spearing, basket trapping, netting, hook and line fishing, and poisoning.Slide6

Hula Dance

Hula or Hawaiian dance, is as much a celebration of life as it is a proud statement of cultural identity.

According to legend, hula originated when Pele, the Hawaiian goddess of fire, commanded her younger sister Laka to dance.

Schools were begun in honor of the goddess of the dance and temples were dedicated to her.

Dancers lived on the temple grounds, subjected to strenuous training regimes and kapu (taboos) befitting the sacred art of hula.Slide7

Hula (con’t)

Hula passes along the stories and legends of the culture to subsequent generations.

Hula kahiko:

ancient hula, uses dance and chanting to relate the proud and somber history, customs, ceremonies and traditions of ancient Hawaii and her people.

Hula auwana:

modern hula, is the dance form most people are familiar with, combining dance and music for a more playful, joyous and spirited recounting of contemporary life in the islands.

Missionaries who arrived in the islands in the 1820s thought the hula to be a little too suggestive and outlawed it as a pagan practice.Slide8
Slide9

Language

Hawaiian:

language with the fewest letters in its alphabet

a, e, i, o, u, h, k, l, m, n, p, w — 12 in all

longer sounding vowels

marked with a bar or macron above the letter

Hawaiians call it a kahakö.

Changes the length of the vowels

For example:

kala is a type of fish

kalä means 'the sun,’

kälä means 'dollar' or 'money.’

English vowels can be lengthened in pronunciation

changes the emphasis

but

not the meaning of the word.Slide10

Religion

Worship of all the powers of nature

There were four main gods:

Kane (god of life, fresh water, provider of sunshine)

Lono (god of rain, peace, agriculture, and the forest)

Ku (god of war and medicine)

Kanaloa (god of the ocean and ocean winds).

The Hawaiians believed that these gods took many forms.

Hundreds of lesser gods and goddesses.

Pele (goddess of volcanoes)

Lea (goddess of women and canoe builders)

Laka (goddess of the hula).Slide11

Religion (con’t)

Aumakua:

Ancestral guardian spirits/family ancestors who became personal gods of their Ohana.

Prayed to for strength, guidance, and inspiration

Appeared as: sharks, lizards, birds, fish, stones, owl, or the eel.

Heiau:

Temples or places of worship

Religions of Hawaiian People Today:

Christians

Catholics

Buddhists

many othersSlide12

Captain James Cook

Three Voyages- Thousands of Miles

Mapped lands from New Zealand to Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean in great detail.

1778-landed on Kauai at Waimea Bay.

natives believed he was a god, a great chief with divine power. Slide13

Captain Cook (con’t)

Cook was killed in a fight with Hawaiians during his third exploratory voyage in the Pacific in 1779.

The Hawaiians greeted Cook and his men by hurling rocks.

The captain and his men fired on the angry Hawaiians, but they were soon overwhelmed, and only a few managed to escape to safety.

Captain Cook was killed by the mob.

A few days later, the Englishmen retaliated by firing their cannons and muskets at the shore, killing more then 30 HawaiiansSlide14

The Beginning of a Kingdom

Kamehameha I aka ‘The Great’

Full Name- Kalani Pai’ea Wohi o Kaleikui Kaeli’ikui Kamehameha o’ Lolani I Kaiwikapu Kaui Ka Liholiho Kunuiakea

Halley’s Comet 1758Naha Stone

Kanawai Mamalohoe- “Law of the Splintered Paddle”Slide15

Unification

Colonial Alliances

Cook- weapons and advisorsBattles

Iao Valley- Maui

Nuuanu Pali- Oahu

Puukohola Heiau Fortress- Big Island- 1790

Kingdom of Hawaii- 1810

King Kaumualii- KauaiSlide16

Monarchs of Hawaii:Queen Kaahumanu (1772-1832)

Kuhina-nui for Kamehameha II

Regent for Kamehameha III

Leadership role in the overthrow of the Kapu systemWith the collapse of the system, she as a woman could exercise political authoritySlide17

Kamehameha II (1797-1824)

Liholiho

Split power with Kaahumanu

Broke Kapu

Ate with noble women in view of public

1823- England

measlesSlide18

Kamehameha III (1814-1854)

Kauikeaouli

Last son of Kamehameha the Great to rule

Most difficult time in Hawaiian History

Increase in foreign residents

New problems in trade, credit, land titles, and plague

29 year reign- longest of any Hawaiian monarchSlide19

Kamehameha VI (1834-1863)

First grandson of Kamehameha I to rule

Beginnings of tension over potential annexation by the U.S.Slide20

Kamehameha V (1830-1872)

Lot

Last direct descendent of Kamehameha I to rule

Last King to rule in old Hawaiian style

Increased annexation anxiety

Racial troublesSlide21

William Lunalilo (1835-1874)

Confirmed King in 1873

Informal popular vote by Hawaiian Legislature

Amended Constitution of 1864

Property rights no longer needed to vote

Attempted a reciprocity treaty with U.S.– too much protest

Died of tuberculosis after less than a year as ruler.

Left his home to the poor and the needySlide22

David Kalakaua (1836-1891)

Elected by Hawaiian Legislature in 1874

For the People

Filled administrative positions with Hawaiians

“Merry Monarch”

End of Reign

Cabinet overthrown

New constitution stripping power

ReplacedSlide23

Liliulokalani (1838-1917)

Regent prior to Kalakaua’s death

Rivalry between white businessmen and native politicians

Committee of Safety 1893

1895 RevoltSlide24

Princess Kaiulani (1875-1899)

Heir to throne

Training equal to European monarchs to be

Traveled widely

Learned many languages

Hawaiian’s “Last Hope”

After annexation- defiant

Died of rheumatism of the heart- March 6, 1899Slide25

Immigrants in Hawaii in the 1900’s

English

CookChinese

1852-1856- thousands1884- 18,254

Japanese-

1890- 12,610

1900- 61,111

1924- Federal Exclusion Act

Portuguese

1878-1887- 17,500Slide26

Immigrants (con’t)

Koreans

1903- SS Gaelic1911-1924- picture brides

Filipinos1907-1931- 120,000

Puerto Ricans

1900- Ship Rio de Janeiro

1950- 10,000

Samoans

1919- Mormon Temple

1952- 1000

1970’s- 13,000Slide27

Our 50th State:

Introducing Business Relationships

1826- Hawaii U.S. TreatyOpened trade relations

1849- Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation

Aimed for perpetual peace between the two nations

Furthered trade privileges

1875- Treaty of Reciprocity

Free access to U.S. market

U.S. gained lands in Pu’u for Pearl Harbor Naval Base

Large American investments in Hawaiian sugar plantationsSlide28

Our 50th State:

Annexation

President Grover ClevelandPresident William McKinley -1896

June 1897- annexation treaty agreed upon

1898- treaty failed in the Senate – never ratified

Newlands Resolution

Joint resolution written by Congressman Francis G. Newlands

Approved July 4, 1898

Signed July 7, 1898Slide29

Our 50th State:

Statehood

1950’s- shift of political power in HawaiiPlantation owners vs. Descendents of immigrated laborers

March 1959

Congress passes Hawaii Admission Act

President Eisenhower signed the Act into Law

Vote cast to Hawaiian People

Modernization

Construction

Tourism

State ProgramsSlide30

Important Post-Modern Figures of Hawaii: Duke Kahanamoku

Practiced all throughout youth

Studied top Australians

1911- Organized Hui Nalu

Club of the Waves

Olympic Trials

March 1912

13

th

- Chicago

100 yard race

15

th

- PittsburghSlide31

Duke Kahanamoku

Five time Olympic medalist in swimming

Most famous name in surfing

Hollywood actor

Hero

1925- Newport Beach Boating TragedySlide32

Important FiguresDon Ho

Hawaiian and traditional pop musician and entertainer

Hawaiian, Chinese, Portuguese, Dutch, and German heritage

1953- University of Hawaii

1954- Joined U.S. Air Force

1959- left as a First LieutenantSlide33

Don Ho

One of Hawaii’s biggest entertainers for 40 years

1960’s- Tiny Bubbles

1970’s – TV projects

Don Ho Show

Died April 14, 2007Slide34

Important Figures:

Israel Kamakawiwo’ole aka Bruddah’ Iz

Born May 20, 1959

Hawaiian last name means “Fearless Eyed, Bold Face”

Ukelele

Performed as early as age 10

Facing the Future- 1993

Somewhere Over the Rainbow/ What a Wonderful World Slide35

Recycling Tradition:

A Hawaiian Case Study Adrienne L. Kaeppler

Beginning in the late 1960s and growing stronger during the past forty years, old forms of Hawaiian structured movement systems have resurfaced in Hawaii.

“Recycling traditions” for the Hawaiians is a main aspect of how they choreograph new styles of dances.

Dancing for Hawaiians is a ritual and a way of expressing religion.

Taking religious movements and transforming them into entertaining dances.

Hula is another structured form of movement which is considered a form of theater and entertainment.

Understanding Hawaiian dances is difficult for most. The dancers use movements that suggest a certain language using specific gestures.Slide36

The Life of the Land:

Missionary geography in the Hawaiian Islands R.D. K. Herman

Argument: Privatization of land in Hawaii due to missionary pressures

Benefited foreign investors

Native Hawaiians became a landless underclass

Missionaries both victims and perpetrators of the industrial-capitalist power shift

One Eye on the Land, One Eye on the Souls

Missionaries first educated westerners to reside and try to learn the native customs

Transitions from preacher

tradesmenscholaradvisor to the Crowngovernment figures and businessmenSlide37

The Life of the Land:

Missionary geography in the Hawaiian Islands R.D. K. Herman

1820’s-1850’s

Missionaries only people with access to printing press

Only Westerners with Hawaiian language ability

Missionaries torn between spirituality and ambition

“The people are making progress in civilization, increasing property” (MH 4/48:140)

“As civilization advances…. We find it more and difficult to keep an assembly together.”Slide38

Conclusions

Regardless of the purpose of the missionaries, the change they brought about raised the material status of living of Hawaiians.

Purpose of the changes were for the benefit of the West

Political and economic greed combined with disease made foreign contact with Hawaii more of a taking relationship than a giving one.

This taking climaxed with the annexation of Hawaii.Slide39

Literature Cited

Anissimov, Michael, and Bronwyn Harris. WiseGeek. Conjecture, 02 Nov. 2013. Web. 08 Apr. 2013.

"Captain Cook Killed in Hawaii." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 08 Apr. 2013.

De Mello, John. "IZ." The Official Site of Israel IZ Kamakawiwo`ole. Apple Mountain Company, n.d. Web.

"Don Ho." 2013. The Biography Channel website.

http://www.biography.com/people/don-ho-271668.

"Duke Kahanamoku." Duke Kahanamoku, Official Web Site for The City and County of Honolulu. City and County of Honolulu, n.d. Web.

"HawaiiHistory.org - Hawaii History - Home." HawaiiHistory.org - Hawaii History - Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Apr. 2013.

"Hawaii's Languages | Polynesian Cultural Center." Hawaii's Languages | Polynesian Cultural Center. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Apr. 2013.

"Hawaii-United States Treaty - 1826."

Hawaii-United States Treaty - 1826.

N.p

.,

n.d

. Web.

"Hawaii-United States Treaty -1849."

N.p

.,

n.d

. Web.

Herman, R.D. K. "The Life of the Land: Missionary Geography in the Hawaiian Islands."

Missiology: An International Review XXXIX.1 (n.d.): 59-74. ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials. Web.

"Immigrants." Hawaiian Roots: Genealogy for Hawaiians. N.p., n.d. Web.

Kaeppler, Adrienne L. Recycling Tradition: A Hawaiian Case Study. Dance Chronicle , Vol. 27, No. 3 (2004), pp. 293-311

"King Kamehameha 1 and His 4 Statues." Hawaii's Official Tourism Site. Hawaii Tourism Authority, n.d. Web.

"The Monarchy." Hawaiian Roots: Genealogy for Hawaiians. N.p., n.d. Web.

Pitzer, Pat. "Winds of Profound Change Swept over Hawai`i in the 1890s, Turbulent times That Altered the Islands' Future Forever." The Overthrow of the Monarchy. Spirit of Aloha, n.d. Web.

“William Charles Lunalilo." HawaiiHistory.org. Hawaii History, n.d. Web.Slide40

Photos Cited

http://lunaticoutpost.com/Topic-The-Bermuda-Triangle-The-Polynesian-Triangle

http://stockphototops.blogspot.com/2012/08/hawaii-beach-stock-photos.htmltakemoretrips.blogspot.com/2012/12/hawaii_13

www.travactours.com/tours/hawaiihawaiiguide.comhttp://www.zazzle.com/captain_james_cook_postcards-239468933722212894

http://www.biography.com/people/kamehameha-i-9359827

http://pacific-islander.blogspot.com/2007/05/we-will-remember-you.html

http://ukenewbie.blogspot.com/2011/11/what-pros-play-israel-kamakawiwoole.html

http://archives.starbulletin.com/1999/07/29/sports/story1.html

http://www.imdb.com/media/rm1511628032/tt0477500

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Johnny_Weismuller_and_Duke_Kahanamoku_smiling.jpg

http://www.hawaiiforvisitors.com/monarchy/king-william-lunalilo.htm