Session 2 Detection and - PowerPoint Presentation

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Session 2

Detection and General Deterrence

50 Minutes

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Describe frequency of DWI violations and crashesDefine general deterrenceDescribe relationship between detection and general deterrenceDescribe a brief history of alcoholIdentify common types of alcoholDescribe physiological processes of alcohol absorption, distribution, and elimination

Learning Objectives

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Prior to 1994, nearly half of the drivers who died in crashes had been drinkingIn 2013 – 10,076 alcohol related fatalities represented 31% of all traffic fatalities

The DWI Problem

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The DWI Problem

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Traffic Deaths

Average

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29 million people admitted driving under the influence in past 12 months

Drivers Under the Influence

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What number of drivers commit this violation?

National Statistics

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Weekend Nights – 10% or More

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Drives intoxicated 80 times before arrestOnce every four or five nightsSome every day

Average DWI Violator

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Far more than 2% of drivers contribute to DWI problemCrime committed by a substantial segment of AmericansCan be fought through societal approach

DWI Problem

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31% of all fatal crashes on weekends alcohol-impaired.Alcohol-impaired drivers involved in fatal crashes were 4 times higher at night1.28 million DWI arrests in 2012Average one fatality every 51 minutesCost society approximately $49.8 billionLost productivity, medical expenses, property damages, and other related expenditures

Alcohol Related Crash Fatalities

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Drivers with a BAC of .08 or higher accounted for 66% of the fatalities:16% were passengers riding with the driver with a BAC of .08 or higher11% of fatalities were occupants of other vehicles7% were persons not in vehicles

Alcohol Facts

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In 2011, 9,944 lives were lost in speed-related crashes42% of all drivers with a BAC of .08 or higher, involved in fatal crashes, were speedingBetween midnight and 3:00 a.m., 72% of speeding drivers involved in fatal crashes had a BAC of .08 or higher

Alcohol Facts

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The rate of alcohol impairment for drivers involved in fatal crashes was four and a half times higher at night than during the dayDrivers with a BAC of .08 or higher who were involved in fatal crashes were seven times more likely to have a prior conviction for driving while impaired as compared to drivers involved in fatal crashes with no alcohol involvement

Alcohol Facts

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In 2012, 6,730 (59%) drivers involved in fatal crashes had a BAC of .15 or higherMales account for 70% of all traffic fatalitiesIn 2010, the fatal crash involvement rate per 100,000 population was almost three times higher for male drivers than for females

Alcohol Facts

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The fear of arrest

General Deterrence

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There is no reason to fear arrest

General Deterrence

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Citations issued to violators later found to have BACs between 0.10 and 0.20.

Ft. Lauderdale BAC Study

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Other Violations

78%

DWI

22%

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For every DWI violator arrested…

Ft. Lauderdale BAC Study

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The goal is to encourage more Americans to: Avoid committing DWIControl drinking prior to drivingSelect alternative transportation Avoid riding with impaired driversRecognize impaired driving is unacceptable behavior at all levels

The Ultimate Goal: Changing Behavior

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PreventionDeterrence

Two Approaches

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Promote positive attitudes DWI is wrongNo one has the right to endanger othersDWI cannot be tolerated or condoned

Prevention

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Driving public's fear of being arrestedEnough violators must be arrested to convince public they will get caught

Deterrence

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Deterrence is negative reinforcementStrives to change DWI behavior.

Deterrence

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Fear long term costs and inconvenience

The Fear of Being Caught and Punished

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Those who have been caught and arrestedPublic must perceive that there is an appreciable risk of being caught and convicted Enforcement creates and sustains fear of being caught

Specific Deterrence

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Supportive roles: Legislators, Prosecutors, Judiciary, and Media

Specific Deterrence

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For every DWI violator arrested, there are approximately 600 undetected DWI violations

How Much Deterrence is Enough?

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Does the average DWI violator fear arrest? Should they be afraid?Intense publicity may enhance the perceived risk

How Great is the Risk?

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Arrest enough violators to convince many of them it can happen to themAs arrest rate increases, odds are that it will happen to them eventually

Changing the Odds

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Realistic increase in DWI enforcement activity will induce a significant degree of general deterrence and a corresponding change in DWI behavior

Can it be Done? Will it Work?

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Before: Arrest/violation ratio of 1 in 2000 or less, 9% of weekend drivers were operating with BAC of 0.10 or higherDuring: Intensive DWI enforcement on weekends nights Officers intensively trained, enforcement publicized, justice community coordinated

3 Year Intensive Weekend DWI Enforcement

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Stockton, California

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Arrests increased 500%Weekend nighttime crashes decreased 34%Proportion of nighttime, weekend drivers legally under the influence dropped from 9% to 6%

Stockton, California

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Keys to success: Officers skilled at DWI detectionWilling to arrest all violators detectedPolicies and application supported by agency In each state where the number of DWI arrests increased, alcohol related crash fatalities decreased

Improve DWI Detection

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Deterrence can vastly exceed the level of enforcement officers achieveIn Stockton, increased enforcement effort convinced at least one third of the violators to change their behavior substantially

Detection: Key to Deterrence

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When arrest/violation ratio is 1 in 400:Many violators WILL be caught General perception level of being caught increases Behavior changes

Example of General Deterrence

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Community benefitsOfficers recognize cues and clues Gained confidence in field sobriety tests Fewer violators stopped avoided arrest

Increased DWI Detection Skills

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If violators are not arrested, attitudes and behaviors likely will continue or worsen Use resources efficiently and improvement can be achieved

DWI Detection Ability is Key

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A family of closely related chemicals whose molecules are made up of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen.

Alcohol

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Methyl Alcohol (Methanol)Ethyl Alcohol (Ethanol)Isopropyl Alcohol (Isopropanol)

Some Types of Alcohol

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Ethyl Alcohol(Intended for human consumption)Chemical SymbolsETOHC2H5OH

Ethanol

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H H

H H

H C C OH

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Yeast combines with sugars from fruit or grains in a chemical reaction that results in ETOH

Ethanol Production - Fermentation

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Fermented beverage is boiled at a controlled temperature to extract and concentrate the ethanol fumes

Ethanol Production - Distillation

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Bottle of beer – 12 ounces of fluid @ 5% alcohol equals 0.60 ounces of pure ethanolGlass of wine – 5 ounces of fluid @ 12% alcohol equals 0.60 ounces of pure ethanolShot of whiskey (80 proof) – 1 and 1/2 ounces @ 40% alcohol equals 0.60 ounces of pure ethanol

Common Drink Sizes

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Alcohol is a CNS Depressant

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Alcohol is the most abused drug in the United States

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Getting the ethanol out of the stomach and into the blood

Absorption of Alcohol

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20%

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Stomach

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Stomach

Walls

Stomach

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Pylorus

80%

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Getting the ethanol into the body’s tissues and organsBASIC PRINCIPLEEthanol goes wherever it finds water

Distribution of Alcohol

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Which parts of the body have lots of water?Brain, liver, muscle tissue, kidneysWhich parts of the body do not have lots of water?Bones, fatty tissueThe average male is 68% waterThe average female is 55% water.

Distribution of Alcohol

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Getting the ethanol out of the body:Direct excretionBreathSweatTearsUrineMetabolismPrimarily in the liver

Elimination of Alcohol

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The liver burns the ethanol (i.e., causes a chemical reaction of ethanol with oxygen)The process is aided by an enzyme called alcohol dehydrogenaseThe ultimate products of the chemical reaction are carbon dioxide and waterDue to metabolism, the average person’s BAC drops by about 0.015/hr

Metabolism in the Liver

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How can we speed up the metabolism of alcohol? We can't speed it upDrinking coffee won’t helpA cold shower won’t helpExercise won’t helpThe liver takes its time burning up the alcohol

Metabolism

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How much can a person drink before becoming impaired?Depends…Time? Sex?Weight?Drinking on empty stomach? …A couple of beers can do it!

Dose Response Relationships

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175 lbs. Male Drinking on an Empty Stomach

How Much Alcohol to Reach a BAC of 0.08

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What does it mean?BAC is the number of grams of alcohol found in 100 milliliters of the person’s bloodExample – If a person has a BAC of .08, then there is eight one-hundredths of a gram of alcohol in every 100 milliliters of the person’s blood

Blood Alcohol Concentration

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QUESTIONS?

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Test Your Knowledge

In typical enforcement jurisdictions one DWI violation in _____ results in arrest

In the Fort Lauderdale study, police officers arrested _____ % of the drivers they contacted whose BACs were .10 to .20.

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Test Your Knowledge

Name three different chemicals that are alcohols.

Which of these is beverage alcohol, intended for human consumption?

What is the chemical symbol for beverage alcohol?

What is the name of the chemical process by which beverage alcohol is produced naturally?

What is the name of the process used to produce high concentration beverage alcohol?

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Test Your Knowledge

Blood alcohol concentration is the number of _____ of alcohol in every 100 milliliters of blood.

a. Grams

b. Milligrams

c.

Nanograms

.

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Test Your Knowledge

True or false: Pound for pound, the average woman contains more water than does the average man

What do we mean by the “proof” of an alcoholic beverage?

Every chemical that is an “alcohol” contains what three elements?

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Test Your Knowledge

True or false: Most of the alcohol that a person drinks is absorbed into the blood via the small intestine

What is the name of the muscle that controls the passage from the stomach to the lower gastrointestinal track?

True or false: Alcohol can pass directly through the stomach walls and enter the bloodstream.

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Test Your Knowledge

Suppose a man and a woman who both weigh 160 pounds arrived at a party and started to drink at the same time. And suppose that, two hours later, they both have a BAC of 0.10. Chances are…

a. He had more to drink than she did

b. They drank just about the same amount of alcohol

c. He had less to drink than she did.

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Test Your Knowledge

In which organ of the body does most of the metabolism of the alcohol take place?

What is the name of the enzyme that aids the metabolism of alcohol?

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Test Your Knowledge

Once a person reaches his or her peak BAC, it will drop at a rate of about _____ per hour.

a. 0.025

b. 0.015

c. 0.010

True or false: It takes about 30 minutes for the average 175 pound man to “burn off” the alcohol in one 12 ounce can of beer.

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Annual DWI arrests, in most places, equal about one percent of the number of drivers in the populationAnnual DWI arrests equal about one percent of drivers in the populationThe average violator commits DWI 80 times each year

How Much Should the Public Fear?

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Percent of Violators Arrested After…

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Nightly Arrest Rate

One Year

Two Years

Three Years

1 in 2000

3.9 %

7.7 %

11.3 %

1 in 1000

7.7 %

14.8 %

21.3 %

1 in 500

14.8 %

27.4 %

38.2 %

1 in 200

33.0 %

55.2 %

70.0 %