Substance Abuse and Violent Crime An Analysis of the Psychopharmacological Model in a Sample of United S tates Inmates Michele Pich MA MS Rowan University pichrowanedu amp Steven Belenko PhD ID: 768230
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Substance Abuse and Violent Crime: An Analysis of the Psychopharmacological Model in a Sample of United States Inmates Michele Pich, M.A., M.S.Rowan Universitypich@rowan.edu&Steven Belenko, Ph.D.Temple Universitysbelenko@temple.edu
Drug & Crime Nexus: Goldstein’s Tripartite Conceptual Framework3 Models: (Goldstein, 1985)Economic CompulsiveSystemic Psychopharmacological
Economic Compulsive
Systemic
Psychopharmacological
Current Study: Sample8,077 State sentenced inmate respondentsInter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR) Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Corrections Facilities 2004 data set Self-report surveys administered between October 2003 and May 2004Analyses include discussion of the relationship between drugs and violent (vs. non-violent) crime
MethodsInterviewees were selected from a list including all inmates using a bed the previous nightRandom selection through computerized processApproximately 1:85 males and 1:24 females chosen
Current Study: Inmate Sample Demographics(n= 8,077) 81% Male / 19% FemaleAge: mean = 36 (SD 11)Marital Status:53% Never married17% Married21% Divorced3% Widowed17% Hispanic50% White / Caucasian42% Black/ African American6% American Indian/Alaskan Native1% Asian 1% Pacific Islander 4% Other Race
Victim Under the Influence of Drugs/ETOH?
Perpetrator Under the Influence of Alcohol WAS CRIME VIOLENT?YESNOYES72% 28% NO 58% 43% ᵪ² (3, N= 7,216) = 145.42, p= <.001
Perpetrator Under the Influence of Heroin WAS CRIME VIOLENT?YESNOYES40% 60% NO 64% 43% ᵪ² (1, N= 6,614) = 58.40, p= <.001
Perpetrator Under the Influence of Other Opiates WAS CRIME VIOLENT?YESNOYES36% 64% NO 63% 37% ᵪ² (1, N= 6,710) = 16.29, p= <.001
Perpetrator Under the Influence of Methamphetamine WAS CRIME VIOLENT?YESNOYES33% 67% NO 64% 36% ᵪ² (1, N= 6,542) = 159.85, p= <.001
Perpetrator Under the Influence of Valium or Other Tranquilizers WAS CRIME VIOLENT?YESNOYES68% 32% NO 63% 37% ᵪ² (1, N= 6,502) = 159.85, p= <.001
Perpetrator Under the Influence of Crack WAS CRIME VIOLENT?YESNOYES44% 56% NO 65% 35% ᵪ² (1, N= 6,491) = 84.84, p= <.001
Perpetrator Under the Influence of Cocaine (other than Crack) WAS CRIME VIOLENT?YESNOYES52% 48% NO 65% 35% ᵪ² (1, N= 5,677) = 32.05, p= <.001
Perpetrator Under the Influence of PCP WAS CRIME VIOLENT?YESNOYES89% 11% NO 62% 38% ᵪ² (1, N= 6,665) = 20.72, p= <.001
Perpetrator Under the Influence of LSD WAS CRIME VIOLENT?YESNOYES87% 13% NO 62% 38% ᵪ² (1, N= 6,168) = 11.73, p<.001
Perpetrator Under the Influence of Marijuana WAS CRIME VIOLENT?YESNOYES65% 35% NO 62% 38% ᵪ² (1, N= 4,558) = 1.73 , p= 0.10
Drugs Not Significant in Current Sample: Drug TypeUse During OffenseCrime Violent? Yes No Speed/Other Amphetamine YES 61% 39% ᵪ² (1, N= 6,458) = 0.05, p= n.s. NO 62% 38% Quaaludes YES 44% 56% ᵪ² (1, N= 6,799) = 4.65, p= n.s. NO 62% 38% Other Barbiturates YES 65% 35% ᵪ² (1, N= 6,541) = 0.17, p= n.s. NO 62% 37% Ecstasy YES 69% 31% ᵪ² (1, N= 6,787) = 0.38, p= n.s. NO 63% 38%
Summary of Findings: Perpetrator Drug Use Drugs that ↑ likelihood: of violent crimeDrugs that ↓ likelihood of violent crime:Drugs n.s. in likelihood of this sampleAlcohol (p<.001)Heroin (p<.001) Speed or other Amphetamines Valium (p<.001) Other Opiates (p<.001) Quaaludes Cocaine [ o/t crack] (p<.001) Methamphetamine (p<.001) Other Barbiturates PCP (p<.001) Crack (p<.001) Ecstasy LSD (p<.001) THC (p<.10)
LimitationsBased on offender self-reportOffenders may not be aware of victim’s intoxication status at the time of the offenseMissing dataPossible covariates with other substances of contexts
Discussion/Conclusions:Substances warranting further inquiry:Alcohol, Heroin, Other Opiates, Methamphetamine, Valium/Other Tranquilizers, Crack, Cocaine (other than Crack), PCP, LSD, MarijuanaGoldstein’s Psychopharmacological Model cannot be ruled out for these drugs Some results contrary to Goldstein’s initial predictions (Goldstein, 1985)Contextual effects matter (Cope, 2015)Implications for prevention: targeted treatment for relapse preventions
Future DirectionsTest the data for each of the 3 models in Goldstein’s Tripartite FrameworkRunning regression analyses to control for potential covariates (including use of multiple substances)Determine if severity of victim injury is related to whether the perpetrator or victim was under the influence
Thank You!Michele Pich, M.A., M.S.Rowan University Glassboro, NJ USApich@rowan.edu+1 856 256 4669Steven Belenko Ph.D.Temple UniversityPhiladelphia, PA USAsbelenko@temple.edu+1 215 204 2211
Drug Use by Offender at Time of Offense Drugn%Heroin2753% Other opiates 56 <1% Methamphetamine 436 5% Speed/Other Amphetamine 75 <1% Quaaludes 37 <1% Barbiturates 52 <1% Valium /Other Tranquilizers 116 1% Crack 521 7% Cocaine (not Crack) 493 6% PCP 67 <1 % Ecstasy 51 <1 % LSD / Hallucinogens 47 <1% Marijuana 1171 14.5% ETOH 2,174 27%
Offense Characteristics11% Violent offensesRape (1%)Murder/ Manslaughter (2%)Other Violent (8%)
Victim InjuriesRape (n=3)Knife/stab wound (n=35)Gunshot (n=48)Broken Bones (n=28)Broken Teeth (n=5)Internal Injuries (n=22) Knocked Unconscious (n=22)Bruises (n=104)