NOT AN ALL INCLUSIVE REVIEW THERE MIGHT BE THINGS NOT COVERED BY THIS STUDY GUIDE THAT MIGHT BE ASKED IN YOUR Q UIZZES and PRACTICAL TESTS STUDENTS ARE RESPONSIBLE ID: 774691
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Slide1
THIS IS A
STUDY GUIDE
,
NOT
AN
ALL
INCLUSIVE REVIEW.
THERE
MIGHT BE
THINGS
NOT COVERED
BY THIS STUDY GUIDE THAT
MIGHT BE
ASKED
IN YOUR
Q
UIZZES and PRACTICAL TESTS
.
STUDENTS
ARE
RESPONSIBLE
FOR STUDYING THEIR MANUAL AND FOR ALL THE MATERIAL COVERED DURING THE
LABORATORY PERIOD
, AS PER THE COURSE
SYLLABUS
Slide2Lab # 2
The Heart
Slide3The Circulatory System
Heart
Blood vessels
-Blood
It transports substances from place to place in the body.
It is the liquid medium in which these substance travel.
They ensure the proper routing of blood to its destination.
It is the pump that keeps the blood flowing.
-Cardiovascular System
Slide4Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
They carry blood away from the heart.
They carry blood back to (toward) the heart.
They connect the arteries with the veins.
Blood Vessels
Pulmonary
veins
Pulmonary
arteries
Cardiovascular System
Pulmonary Circuit
Systemic Circuit
It carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange and returns it to the heart.
It supplies blood to every organ of the body, including the heart itself.
Aorta
Venae cavae
Slide5Tissue
Arteriole
Venule
Capillary
Lung
CO
2
Wastes
O
2
Nutrients
Venule
Arteriole
O
2
rich,
CO
2
poor blood
O
2
poor,
CO
2
rich blood
Gas
Exchange
Capillary
CO
2
O
2
Venae cavae
Aorta
Pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary veins
An Introduction to the Cardiovascular System
Pulmonary
Circuit
Systemic
Circuit
Slide6Gas exchange
Systemic Circuit
It supplies blood to every organ of the body, including the heart itself.
O
2
rich blood through ARTERIES
O
2
poor blood through VEINS
O
2
poor blood through ARTERIES
O
2 rich blood through VEINS
Pulmonary Circuit
It carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange and returns it to the heart.
Slide7RIGHT ATRIUM
LEFT ATRIUM
RIGHT VENTRICLE
LEFT VENTRICLE
Aorta
To the rest of the body
Poor oxygen blood
Reach oxygen blood
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Coronary sinus
Pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary veins (4)
Internal Anatomy and Organization
Gas exchange
Slide8It drains oxygen-poor blood from tissues and organs
superior to the diaphragm to the right atrium.
It drains oxygen-poor blood from tissues and organs inferior to the diaphragm to the right atrium.
Coronary sinus (no shown)
It drains oxygen-poor blood from the heart tissues to the right atrium.
It carries oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
Superior vena cava
Pulmonary trunk
They carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
Aorta
It carries oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the whole body.
Pulmonary veins (4)
Inferior vena cava
Slide9The Heart Wall
Epicardium
(visceral pericardium)
It is a serous membrane covering heart. Also includes a thick layer of adipose tissue in some places. The coronary blood vessels travel through this layer.
Myocardium
It is a layer of cardiac muscle proportional to work load.
Myocardium
Endocardium
It is the smooth inner lining of heart and blood vessels. It covers the valve surfaces and is continuous with the endothelium of blood vessels.
Parietal pericardium
Endocardium
Pericardial cavity
Pericardium
Visceral pericardium or epicardium
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Slide10Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
(a)
(b)
Glycogen
Striations
Intercalated discs
Cardiac Muscle
It is limited to the heart.
Cells are called myocytes or cardiocytes and they are short,
branched
, and notched at ends.
Cardiocytes contain one centrally located nucleus surrounded by light staining glycogen.
Intercalated discs
join cardiocytes end to end and provide electrical and mechanical connection.
They are striated, and involuntary (not under conscious control).
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Slide11The Chambers of the Heart
Right atrium
It receives poor O
2 blood returning to the heart through the superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus
Right ventricle
It pumps blood to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Left atrium
It receives rich O
2
blood returning from the lungs through the pulmonary veins
Pulmonary veins
Left ventricle
It pumps blood through the aorta artery to every organ of the body
Pulmonary trunk
Aorta
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Slide12Anatomy of the Heart
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Anterior view
Posterior view
Left auricle
Coronary or atrioventricular sulcus
Coronary or atrioventricular sulcus
Anterior interventricular sulcus
Posterior interventricular sulcus
Interventricular septum
Interatrial septum
Trabeculae
carneae
Pectinate
muscles
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Slide13The Valves
The valves ensure a one-way flow, by
preventing back flow
of the blood
Right AV
(tricuspid) valve
Left AV
(bicuspid) valve
Left
AV
(bicuspid or mitral)
valve
Right AV
(tricuspid) valve
It prevents back flow of blood from the RV to the RA
It prevents back flow of blood from the LV to the LA
Slide14The Valves
Left
AV
(bicuspid or mitral)
valve
Right AV
(tricuspid) valve
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Aortic semilunar valve
It prevents back flow of blood from the aorta to the LV
Aortic semilunar valve
Chordae tendineae
Papillary muscles
The valves ensure a one-way flow, by
preventing back flow
of the blood
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Slide15The Valves
Left
AV
(bicuspid or mitral)
valve
Right AV
(tricuspid) valve
Pulmonary semilunar valve
It prevents back flow of blood from the pulmonary trunk to the RV
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Aortic semilunar valve
Chordae tendineae
Papillary muscles
The valves ensure a one-way flow, by
preventing back flow
of the blood
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Slide16Conduction System
It is composed of
an internal pacemaker and nervelike conduction pathways through myocardium that generate and conduct rhythmic electrical signals.
It depolarizes spontaneously around 60 times per minute and determines heart rate.
Sinoatrial (SA) node
(pacemaker)
Atrioventricular (AV)
node
It delays the conduction of the impulses to the ventricles, which allows the ventricles to contract after the atria.
Atrioventricular (AV)
bundle
It is a group of fibers that transmits impulses from the AV node to the ventricles.
Left bundle branch
Right bundle branch
Purkinje fibers
Purkinje
fibers
They distribute the electrical excitation to the cardiocytes of the ventricles.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Slide17Cardiac Conduction System
Slide18Extra heart beats produced in any region of spontaneous firing other than the SA node.
It is the failure of any part of the of the cardiac conducting system to transmit signals.
The Cardiac Rhythm
It is the normal heartbeat triggered by the SA node.
Sinus rhythm:
At rest, the sinus rhythm is about 70 to 80 times per minute (rates from 60 to 100 bpm).
Arrhythmia:
It is any abnormal cardiac rhythm.
Heart block:
Extra-systoles:
Tachycardia:
It is a persistent, resting adult heart rate above 100 bpm.
Bradycardia:
It is a persistent
, resting
adult heart rate below 60 bpm.
Slide19Right
auricle
Left
auricle
Right ventricle
Superior vena cava
Aortic arch
Pulmonary trunk
S A
node
(pace maker)
Anterior interventricular artery
Left coronary artery
Right coronary artery
Marginal artery
(to the right atrium)
(from the left ventricle)
(from the right ventricle)
Ascending aorta
Left ventricle
Circumflex artery
Anterior view
The Heart
Slide20(to the left atrium)
Inferior vena cava
Great cardiac vein
Middle cardiac vein
Small cardiac vein
Posterior cardiac vein
(to the right atrium)
Posterior interventricular artery
(branch of the right coronary artery)
Coronary sinus
Posterior
view
Right pulmonary veins
(to the left atrium)
Left pulmonary veins
Right
auricle
Left
auricle
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
The Heart
Slide21Left AV valve or bicuspid valve
Ascending aorta
Aortic arch
Left bundle branch
Right bundle branch
Pulmonary trunk
Orifices of coronary arteries
Aortic semilunar valve
Atrioventricular bundle (of His)
Purkinje fibers
AV node
Superior vena cava
S A node (pace maker)
Right AV valve or tricuspid valve
Chordae
tendineae
Papillary muscles
Trabeculae
carneae
Conducting system
Internal Structures
Ligamentum arteriosum
The Heart
Interventricular septum