Morphological typology Introduction See the big picture How does word formation work overall in specific languages How can the morphological ID: 564531
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Slide1
Typology
Morphological
typologySlide2
Introduction
See
«
the
big
picture
»
How
does
word
formation
work
overall
in
specific
languages
?
How can
the
morphological
systems
of
particular
languages
vary
from
one
another
?
(
the
subject
of
linguistic
typology
)Slide3
We will begin by describing the morphological
systems
of
five very different languages, looking at the kinds
of
lexeme
formation and inflection that they display
.
Then we will discuss both traditional ways of
classifying
the
morphology of languages and more
contemporary
ways
of
doing
so
.
Finally, we will look at how both the family a
language
belongs
to and the geographic area in which it is
spoken
can
influence its typological classification.Slide4
Universals
and
particulars
: a bit of
linguistic
history
Do
we
know
anything
about
morphological
universals
?
There
is a
range
of
word
formation
strategies
that
appear
in
the
languages
of
the
world
.
What
are
possible
forms
of
reduplication
or
infixing
and
what
is
impossible
?Slide5
The
genius
of
languages
:
what’s
in your
toolkit
?
There
are
unique
ways
inwhich
the
morphology
of
languages
can
package
different
concepts
in
different
forms
.
We
will
look
at
five
very
different
languages
-
Turkish, Mandarin Chinese, Samoan, Latin, and
Nishnaabemwin
-- to
try
to
see something of this unique combination of morphological
processes
that
constitutes at least one part of the genius of each language
.
All
of
these
languages use morphology in one way or another, but each
makes
different
choices from the universal
toolbag
of rule
types
.Slide6
Turkish
mandarin
Samoan
Nishnaabemwin
LatinSlide7
Turkish
Turkish has a phonological rule called ‘vowel harmony
’
Although the predominant way of forming words in Turkish is
through
suffixation
, it also has a process of
compounding
Turkish uses suffixation for both derivation and inflection
.
Turkish verbs are inflected for person and number, and can appear in
a
number of different tenses, including present, past, future, and conditional.All of these inflections are
suffixes; verb forms can be quite long and complex.no
processes
of
prefixation
on
word-formation
It
marks
case
(Ev, evi, evin, eve, evde, evden)Slide8
Turkish
Turkish is a language
that
delights
in
suffixationSlide9Slide10Slide11Slide12
Turkish has a
process
of
compounding
, it
also
marks
caseSlide13
Mandarin
chinese
(
Sino-Tibetan
)
no
processes
of
prefixation
tiny
handful of suffixesMandarin has not only
compound nouns and compound
adjectives, also all sorts of compound verbs
Mandarin
does
have
a
system
of noun classifiers that are used when counting or otherwise
quantifying
nounsSlide14
Mandarin
chinese
(
Sino-Tibetan
)
N-
xue
>N
Personal
N-
jia
>N
N-hua>VSlide15
Mandarin is
poor
in
affixation
and
reduplication
but
rich
in
compoundingSlide16Slide17
Mandarin
have
a
system
of
noun
classifiers
that
are
used when counting
or otherwise quantifying
nounsSlide18
Samoan
(
Austronesian
)
prefixation
,
suffixation
,
and
circumfixation
, both partial and full reduplication, and also to some
extent compounding.relations like case, tense, aspect, and mood
are expressed by independent particles, rather than by prefixes, suffixes, or
reduplication, in this languageSlide19
Samoan (
Austronesian
)Slide20
suffixationSlide21
reduplicationSlide22
compoundingSlide23
Latin (
I
ndo-European
)
Heavily
inflected
language
,
almost
entirely suffixaloften several meanings are combined into a single inflectional
morpheme in LatinLatin nouns are inflected for case, number, and gender, and adjectives are
inflected to agree with themVerbs have a number of different stems which form the basis of inflectional
paradigms
that show aspect (imperfect
vs.
perfect) and voice (
active
vs
.
passive), as well as person and
number
different person and number affixes are used in the past than in
other
tenses
Latin has both derivational suffixes and prefixesSlide24Slide25Slide26
Nishnaabemwin
(
Algonquian
)
heavy use of affixation, especially suffixation, and has an extremely
rich
system
of
inflection
there are prefixes and suffixes that indicate
possession of a noun
Verb inflection is even more complex than noun inflectionvarious bound
morphemes are joined together to form words
.
Eg
.
Intransitive
verbs
frequently
consist of two or three pieces
.
The
pieces
are
‘
initial
’,
expresses
something
that modifies the verbal
concept
(
such
as
adjectives
,
adverbs
,
or
prepositions
),
‘
medial
’
expresses
nominal
concept
,
‘
final’
expresses
various
inflectional
elements
.
Nouns can be made up of several bound morphemes as wellSlide27
Nishnaabemwin
(
Algonquian
)Slide28Slide29Slide30
summary
Each language has a different
combination
of
word formation processes that gives the language its
uniq
ue character
We
should
always be on the lookout for the commonalities or universals
that mark all these languages as human languages
.