MODULE 3 Constanta ROMANIA 1314 November 2013 TRAINING COURSE Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area Constanta ROMANIA 1314 November 2013 CONTENT Spill ID: 777764
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Slide1
TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
MODULE 3
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013
Slide2TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013
CONTENT
Spill
assessment
Suitable
equipment
for oil spills response and cleaning operations
Oil spill response
strategies
Storage, disposal and neutralization of
recovered oil
Equipment
decontamination
Slide3TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013
MAJOR OIL SPILLS
Golf War
1991, Kuwait – 240-336
mil.gallons
Deepwater Horizon
, 2010, Mexican Gulf – 210 mil. gallons
Ixtoc
1
, Oil Well, 1979, Bay of Campeche, Mexico -140 million gallons
Atlantic Empress
,
1979, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies, 88.3 million gallons
Fergana Valley
,
1992 Uzbekistan - 87.7 million gallons
Gulf oil spill disaster
(www.gizmag.com)
Slide4TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013
MAJOR OIL SPILLS
6.
Nowruz
Oil Field
, 1983, Persian Gulf - 80 million gallons
7.
ABT Summer
, 1991, Off the coast of Angola, 80 million gallons
8.
Castillo de
Bellver
, 1983, Off
Saldanha
Bay, South Africa - 78.5 million gallons
9. Amoco Cadiz, 1978, Off Brittany, France 68.7 million gallons 10. Odyssey Oil Spill, 1988, 700 nautical miles off the coast of Nova Scotia, Canada - 43 million gallons
Amoco Cadiz oil spill
(www.larousse.fr)
Slide5TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013
Source:
www.itopf.com
OIL SPILT FROM TANKERS
QUANTITIES 1970-2012
Slide6TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013
SPILL POTENTIAL CAUSES
Collision
: the striking together of two vessels whilst underway;
Grounding
: a vessel touches the sea bottom, either powered or drifting;
Contact
: a vessel strikes an external object other than another vessel or sea bottom;
Cargo transfer failure
: a cargo spill occurs while conducting ship/shore or ship/ship loading or unloading;
Fire/explosion
: occurs onboard vessel but not due to above;
Structural failure
: the hull cracks;
Sinking
: a vessel sinks due to breach in watertight integrity or adverse loading.
Slide7TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013
Navigational difficulty -contributory factors
Close proximity
to shore and shoals,
•
Restricted sea
room,
•
Shallow water
depths,
• Nature of
seabed
,
• Confinement of
water way
,• Strong tidal streams,• Strong trade winds,• Heavy rain squalls and resultant restricted visibility,•
Traffic density and congestion,• Choke points for traffic,• The
length of time
to undertake a passage through a particular hazard.
Slide8TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013
SPILL ASSESSMENT
Factors affecting the ability of an oil spill to spread:
surface tension,
specific gravity
viscosity
Source: www.epa.gov
Natural actions reducing oil spill severity:
weathering,
evaporation,
oxidation,
biodegradation,
emulsification.
Slide9TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013
Potential effects on plants and animals
Aquatic Habitats
Coral reefs
-
nurseries for shrimp, fish, and other animals /recreational attractions
Exposed sandy, gravel, or cobble beaches
-
usually cleaned by manual techniques
Sheltered beaches
-very little wave action to encourage natural dispersion
Tidal flats
are broad, low-tide zones, usually containing rich plant, animal, and bird communities
Salt marshes
- especially root systems, is easily damaged by fresh light oils Mangrove forests (tropical regions)-
replacing a mangrove tree can take decadesMarshes and swamps -little water movement
Slide10TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013
Potential effects on birds and mammals
direct physical contact-
fur or feathers come into contact with oil, they get matted down
toxic contamination
-
toxic effects of inhaled oil vapors
destruction of food sources and habitats
-
oil may linger in the environment for long periods of time,
reproductive problems
-
can be transferred from birds’ plumage to the eggs, have also been shown in some studies in animals
Source: www.globalgrind.com
Slide11TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013
OIL CONTAINMENT & RECOVERY
Source: www.oag-bvg.gc.ca
Booms
Skimmers
weir,
oleophilic
,
Suction
Use of sorbents
Dispersing agents
Biological agents
In situ burning
Slide12TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013
OIL SPILL RESPONSE EQUIPMENT
CONTAINMENT BOOM
Four basic characteristics:
• An
above-water “freeboard”
to contain the oil and to help prevent waves from splashing oil over the top of the boom
• A
flotation device
• A
below-water skirt
to contain the oil and help reduce the amount of oil lost under the boom
A “
longitudinal support
,” usually a chain or cable running along the bottom of the skirt, that strengthens the boom against wind and wave action; may also serve as a weight or ballast to add stability and help keep the boom upright
Source: www.desmi.com
Slide13TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013
SKIMMERS
Weir skimmers
use a dam or enclosure positioned at the oil/water interface.
oil floating on top of the water will spill over the dam and be trapped in a well inside, bringing with it as little water as possible
the trapped oil and water mixture can then be pumped out through a pipe or hose to a storage tank for recycling or disposal.
prone to becoming jammed and clogged by floating debris.
Source: www.ecology.arguslimited.com
Slide14TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013
SKIMMERS
Oleophilic
(oil-attracting) skimmers
use belts, disks, or continuous mop chains of
oleophilic
materials to blot the oil from the water surface.
The oil is then squeezed out or scraped off into a recovery tank.
Have the advantage of flexibility, allowing them to be used effectively on spills of any thickness
Some types, such as chain or “rope-mop” skimmers, work well on water that is choked with debris or rough ice.
Source: www.elastec.com
Slide15TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013
SKIMMERS
Suction skimmer
operates like a household vacuum cleaner.
Oil is sucked up through wide floating heads and pumped into storage tanks.
Are generally very efficient, they are vulnerable to becoming clogged by debris and require constant skilled observation.
Operate best on smooth water where oil has collected against a boom or barrier.
Source: www.mavideniz.com.tr
Slide16TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013
SORBENTS
materials that soak up liquidsabsorption, adsorption, or both
both
oleophilic
and hydrophobic (water-repellant)
after use they must be removed from the water and properly disposed of on land or cleaned for re-use
Categories:
natural organic
(peat moss, straw, hay, sawdust, ground corncobs, feathers, and other carbon-based products)
natural inorganic
(clay,
perlite
, vermiculite, glass, wool, sand, and volcanic ash)
synthetic
(similar to plastics, such as polyurethane, polyethylene, and nylon fibers)
Source: www.maritimenz.govt.nz
Slide17TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013
A
BSORBENTS
Liquids
difuse
into the matrix of a solid absorbent material by a
process similar of capillary action
causing it to swell and combine with a material in such a way that it will
no leak out nor can it be squeezed out
under the
presure
.
Engineered polymers
with high surface area to promote rapid absorption
Can be used with volatile products
Suited more to recovery of low viscosity liquids and spilt chemicalsLess used that adsorbents.
Source: www.wipeco.com
Slide18TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013
A
DSORBENTS
Wetting properties
– surface tension less than critical surface tension of the solid (abt.20mN/m, water 60-65
mN
/m)
Capillary action
/ relative surface tension, viscosity of the oil (low – fast penetration rate), important for foam based sorbents
Cohestion
/ adhesion
– attraction material to itself / to another
Surface area
–sorption rate direct related to direct exposed area
Source: www.jcsteel.ecom
Slide19TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013
A
DSORBENTS
TYPES
Source: ITOPF – Use of sorbents materials in oil spill response
Slide20TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013
CHEMICAL /BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
Dispersing Agents
chemicals that contain surfactants, or compounds that act to break liquid substances such as oil into small droplets.
these droplets disperse into the water column, where they are subjected to natural processes—such as wind, waves, and currents—that help to break them down further.
helps to clear oil from the water surface, making it less likely that the oil slick will reach the shoreline.
Biologic agents
nutrients, enzymes, or
microorganisms
biostimulation
and
bioaugmentation
Source: www.oceanservice.noaa.gov
Slide21TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013
USE OF
DISPERSANTS
Source: IPIECA
Report Series –vol.5
Slide22TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013
DISPERSING OIL
ADVANTAGES Removing oil from the surface of the sea
benefits creatures
, such as seabirds and marine mammals, and habitats at risk from contamination by floating oil.
The formation of myriads of tiny oil droplets
improves the opportunity for biodegradation
of the oil by increasing oil surface area and so increasing exposure to naturally-occurring bacteria and oxygen.
Oil dispersed in the water column
no longer drifts
with the wind, being only under the influence of currents and tides. Dispersion can be a good technique to protect shorelines or sensitive resources located downwind of an oil spill.
Slide23TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013
DISPERSING OIL
ADVANTAGES (2)
Aircrafts -large areas can be
rapidly treated
compared to alternative response methods.
Naturally or chemically dispersed oil droplets might become associated with suspended sediments where the suspended sediment concentration is very high (in the surf zone or in some estuaries).
The slight buoyancy of the oil and the density of the sediment will produce a neutrally buoyant ‘aggregate’. These aggregates will be transported long distances by the slightest currents and the oil will be distributed in a
very diffuse way
, over a very large area at extremely low concentrations.
Slide24TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013
DISPERSING OIL
DISADVANTAGES
- localized and
temporary increase in oil in water concentration
that could have an effect on the marine life within the immediate vicinity of the dispersant operation.
Source: www.peacenews.org
Slide25TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013
DISPERSING OIL
Hydrocarbonbase
’ dispersants are much
less effective
than ‘concentrate’ dispersants, even when used at ten times the treatment rate
performance of a dispersant will depend on the prevailing
sea conditions
(more rapid dispersion in rougher seas)
can be quickly applied and can be used under sea conditions where
physical collection
of the oil would be impossible
as evenly and as
accurately
as possible to spilled oil
recommended treatment rate for modern dispersants, applied undiluted, is a dispersant to oil ratio of 1 to 20–30.
Slide26TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013
OIL SPILL RESPONSE STRATEGIES
CONTINGENCY PLANS
Hazard identification
• Vulnerability analysis
• Risk assessment
• Response actions
Slide27TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013
OIL SPILL RESPONSE STRATEGIES
CONTINGENCY PLANS
Hazard identification
• Vulnerability analysis
• Risk assessment
• Response actions
Slide28TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013
Hazard Identification
Types of oils
frequently stored in or transported through that area
• Locations
where oil is stored in large quantities and the mode of transportation used to move the oil, such as pipelines, trucks, railroads, or tankers
• Extreme
weather conditions
that might occur in the area during different times of the year
• The location of
response equipment
and
personnel trained
to use the equipment and respond to the spill
Slide29TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013
Vulnerability Analysis Lists of public
safety officials
in the community
• Lists of
facilities
such as schools, nursing homes, hospitals, and prisons
• Lists of
recreational areas
, such as campgrounds
• Lists of
special events
and when they take place
• Identification of parts of the
environment that are particularly susceptible to oil or water pollution Risk assessment
Slide30TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013
RISK
ANALYSISPROCESS
Slide31TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013
RISK ANALYSIS
Historical records;Traffic patterns and frequency;
Incident reports and statistics;
Individual experiences; and
Expert technical advice and
judgement
.
The analysis assigned a rating of:
1. High,
2. Medium, or
3. Low,
According to
Likelihood
, and
Consequence.
Slide32TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013
RISK EVALUATION
Source: www.msq.qld.gov.au
Slide33TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013
Response Actions
Notifying
all private companies / government agencies that are responsible for the cleanup effort
• Getting
trained
personnel and equipment to the site quickly
• Defining the size, position, and content of the
spill
; its direction and speed of movement; and its likelihood of affecting sensitive habitats
• Ensuring the
safety
of all response personnel and the public
• Stopping the
flow of oil from the ship, truck, or storage facility, if possible, and preventing ignition • Containing the spill to a limited area • Removing
the oil • Disposing of the oil once it has been removed from the water or land few hours or several days. Exercises:
training of response staff
test of the plan
low-stress environment where new techniques and procedures may be tried without adverse consequences
Slide34TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013
WASTE MANAGEMENT
Equipment Alternatives to Collect, Store and Treat Oily Wastes
COMPREHENSIVE MANUAL ON PORT RECEPTION FACILITIES
Slide35TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013
WASTE MANAGEMENT
Reduce
the amount of oily waste generated- selected shore clean-up techniques
Reuse
the resources during clean-up
Recycle
liquid oil by incorporating into refinery steams
Recovery
the caloric value of waste materials
Disposal
of waste that cannot be dealt with by one of the above options - incineration, landfill, composting
Slide36TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013
TREATMENT /DISPOSAL OPTIONS
Benefits
Disavantages
Re-processing
Use of caloric properties
Permanent storage not required
May require treatment before use
Limited processing capacity
Storage may be required awaiting processing
Stabilization
National legislation often allows
Use of
stabilised
oiled materials in construction
Only appropriate for oiled send, shingle and pebbles with debris on limited sizeSkilled personnel and suitable facilities and equipment needed
IncinerationMany types of oiled material
Permanent storage not required
Relatively expensive disposal process
Limited capacity of appropriate
ficilities
Long
term storage for waste may be
requied
Land-farming / compostingEnhances natural process of biodegradation
Difficult to find suitable sites
Applicable
to small spills
Slow process / not all oil components
Landfill
Organic waste may be biodegrade
naturally
Can rapidly deal with large amounts of waste
Restricted
application –legislation
Sites are scarce – can charge high rates
Many type persists for a long time
Slide37TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
Primary treatmentgravity separation
Secondary treatment
physical/chemical separation
Tertiary treatment
Biological/chemical treatment
Slide38TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013
Primary Treatment – Gravity Separation
Simplest form of gravity separation is to retain oil/water mixture in a
settling tank
Oil layer can be removed by
skimming
or
overflow
and be reused
Most regularly used
separator
of this type is the standard API separator
However,
emulsions
cannot be treated this way
Emulsions frequently occur because of additives
Slide39TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013
Secondary Treatment
- physical/chemical separation
Chemical
emulsion breaking
or coagulation
Iron or
aluminium
salts
and charged polymers used under rapid mixing
Heating
of the reaction mixture accelerates emulsion breaking process but also increases cost
For oil/water separation there are two types of
filters.
Coalescence filters / Precoat filtersA number of processes take place in the filter resulting in separationAdsorption and coalescence
Slide40TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013
Tertiary Treatment
Biological unit and use of micro-organisms
Source: www.flottweg.de
Slide41TRAINING COURSE - Oil pollution monitoring and cleaning techniques in ports area
Constanta, ROMANIA
13-14 November, 2013
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION !