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Issues in Ancient Celtic Writing Celtic Spring 25 May 2012 Prof Dr David Stifter Dept of Old and Middle Irish School of Celtic Studies NUI Maynooth 1 I New Directions in Celtiberian ID: 809593

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Slide1

University of CopenhagenIssues in Ancient Celtic WritingCeltic Spring · 25 May 2012

Prof. Dr. David StifterDept. of Old and Middle IrishSchool of Celtic StudiesNUI Maynooth

1

Slide2

I.New Directions in CeltiberianNew Gaulish Inscriptions

2

Slide3

Ancient Celtic: Celtiberianca. 150 B.C. – 0in central Spain (Ebro valley, Meseta)in semisyllabic Iberian scriptca. 100, occasionally long texts

Slide4

Stops (occlusives) can only be written in combination with vowels. In most cases, there is no distinction in writing between voiceless and voiced stops, even though the language made this distinction, e.g.:

v = t/d + u = tu or duC = k/g + o = ko or go or

f = b + u = bu

Celtiberian Script

a

=

a

e

=

e

i

=

i

o = ou = ul = lr = rm = mn = ns = sz = zAll other signs stand for single sounds: v = du and ö = tuC = ko and G = gof = b + u = bu

Slide5

CeltiberianCarlos Jordán Coléra, ‘¿Sistema dual de escritura en celtibérico?’, in: Acta Palaeohispanica IX. Actas del IX Coloquio sobre lenguas y culturas paleohispánicas. Barce­lona, 20–24 de octubre de 2004. Ed. F. Beltrán Lloris, C. Jordán Cólera y J. Velaza Frías [=

Palaeo­hispanica 5], Zaragoza: Institución “Fernando el Católico” 2005 1013–1030.5

Slide6

I.Lepontic Palaeography and PhilologyNew Gaulish Inscriptions

6

Slide7

Lexicon Leponticum

ca

.

6

th

-1

st

c

.

B.C

.

for Lepontic and

Cisalpine

GaulishNorth-Italian Lake District and Po Valleyca. 400 short texts (only few with more than two words)Lepontic Script

Slide8

The Lepontic Script8

taken over from North Etruscan shared with Venetic and Raetic

omission of heta, qoppa

, phi

alphabetic sequence (Ven

. Es 23):

A E V Z

Θ

I K L M N P Ś R S T U X O

CO·53

, ·54:

aev

Slide9

Lexicon Leponticum (LexLep)9

Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung – Austrian Science Fund

Celtic Research Trust (Isle of Man)

http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/Main_Page

Slide10

Lexicon Leponticum (LexLep)10

LexLep: excerpt from CO·48 Prestino

Slide11

LexLep: iota11

Slide12

LexLep: alpha12

Slide13

Graphic Isolates: qoppaNO·22 San Bernardino di Briona, ca. 500 B.C.reading

: quormsklp or quormskla13

Francesco Rubat Borel, "Annexe 2. Nuovi dati per la storia delle lingue celtiche della Cisalpina", in: Daniele Vitali,

Celtes et Gaulois. L'Archéologie face à l'Histoire, 2. La Préhistoire des Celtes. Actes de la table ronde de Bologne-Monterenzio, 28-29 mai 2005. Glux-en-Glenne

[= Bibracte 12/2], Bibracte: Centre archéologique européen 2006, 203-208.

Slide14

Graphic Isolates: phi and gammaBG·20 San Capriate San Gervasio, late 5th

c. B.C.reading: ]kiφisi or ]kicrisi14

Alessandro Morandi,

Celti d'Italia. A cura di Paola Piana Agostinetti. Tomo II: Epigrafia e lingua dei Celti d'Italia [= Popoli e civiltà dell'Italia antica 12.2], Roma: Spazio Tre 2004

.

Slide15

digamma (wau)15

v:BG·28.2: va

CO·11:

]tiriṣ???v?[

CO·14

:

mei / va

CO·24

:

] ṃa[

CO·31

: vạ [ CO·48: uvamokozis […] < *upm̥h2o- uvltiauioposCO·50: ev?[ = alphabeticCO·53: aẹv [ = alphabeticCO·54: ]ạev [ = alphabeticCO·62: zv ośoris = alphabeticCO·81: ]pa[ MI·12: vat

NO·1

:

§

χ

osioiso v

TI·19

:

iiuioitove

TI·32

:

]??ṇoṿị : p̣la[

VA·4.1

:

amkouvi???ri

VA·4.2

:

vi

χ

u

=

*

u̯ikū

?

(Etr.)

BG·28.2 Ghisalba

VA·4 Sesto Calende

Slide16

Voice OppositionVenetic inherited no letters for voiced sounds from Etruscan, but utilised ‘empty’ letters to make a distinction in voice:pi

for /p/, phi for /b/kappa for /k/, chi for /g/tau/theta for /t/, zeta for /d/What about Lepontic?No phi, therefore no graphic distinction of voicedness in labials.

16

Slide17

Voice Oppositionχ for /g/:NM·6.1:

seχeθu = /sege°/ < *seg̑h- (but CO·57-59 sekezos)

NO·1: § χosioiso v

= /gotsioiso/ < *

h

osti-

(but CO·48

-kozis

)

PV·4:

eripoχios

= /-bogi̯os/ < *bheg- (but NO·21.1 anokopokios, setupokios)TV·1: pompeteχuaios = /-tengu̯ai̯os/ < *tn̥g̑hu̯eh2- (Oderzo 7 = Venetic writing!)TI·13: pirạṇịχeś = /-nigents/ ‘washing’? < *nei̯gu̯-? (phps. -uiχeś = /-u̯ikents/ ‘fighting’?)χ for /k/:VA·4.2: viχu = /u̯ikū/ < *

u̯ei̯k̑-

(= Etruscan writing?)

χ

for

/ɣ/:

VC·1.2

:

arkatoko{k}materekos

= /argantokomaterekos/ < *

h

2

r̥g̑n̥to-

but

teuoχtonion

= /dēu̯oɣdoni̯on/ < *

h

d

h

om

-

17

Slide18

Voice Opposition: theta?θ:CO·48: uvamokozis :

plialeθu : uvltiauiopos : ariuonepos : siteś : tetu (ca. 500 B.C.)NM·6.1: seχeθu (1st half 4th c. B.C.)

VA·3: ]iunθanaχa (end 7

th c. B.C.) (Etr.)

BS·3.2:

θ

omezecuai / obauzana

θ

ina

(Augustan period, Voltino!)

18

Slide19

Voice Opposition: theta?in Venetic, theta and tau stand for /t/,

zeta for /d/:θ:1. CO·48: uvamokozis : plialeθu : uvltiauiopos : ariuonepos : siteś : tetuEtymology: siteś = *sēdn̥s

‘seats’ tetu = *dedoh

3e ‘has given

or

*

d

h

ed

h

oh

1

e ‘has put’ uvltiauiopos = ? plialeθu = *-edōn or *-et-ōn?19

Slide20

Voice Opposition: theta and zeta?θ:

NM·6.1: seχeθuEtymology: seχeθu < *seg̑h-edōn or *

-et-ōn?

z for /d/?:

CO·57-59:

sekezos

Etymology:

se

kezos

< *

seg̑

h

-edos or *-et-i̯os? or *-ed-i̯os?20

Slide21

san21

David Stifter, "Lepontische Studien: Lexicon Leponticum und die Funktion von san im Lepontischen", in: Karin Stüber, Thomas Zehnder, Dieter Bachmann (Eds.), Akten des 5. Deutschsprachigen Keltologensymposiums. Zürich, 7.–10. September 2009 [= Keltische Forschungen. Allgemeine Reihe 1], Wien: Praesens Verlag 2010, 361-376.

Normal form of

san in Etruscan and Venetic: = Ś

2

oldest form in Lepontic area

‘butterfly character’

=

normal form

attested only in

MN·10.2

aśeś

(lost!)

Slide22

san6CO·48: siteś

BG·5: aś VB·2: amaśilu VR·15 kośio VA·16: akeśi

22

Slide23

san4MI·5: ś →t MI·1: peśu → petu

VB·3.1: naśom → natom or naxom

23

Slide24

san3CO·38: ś →m NO·26: ]auśi → ]aumi?

VC·1.2: atoś → atom or san1? VB·3.1: natoś (Tibiletti Bruno)

→ natom or naxom

24

Slide25

san225

JU·1: priś (Montmorot/Jura)TI·5: ariśai or arimaiTI·7: aśui or

amui (from *am- ‘to love’ or

*ambi-

around’?)

TI·9:

reśu

or

remu

(cp.

Remi < *prei̯mo-)

Slide26

san226

VB·28 Stresa: namu esopnionamu = short form of Namantobogios ‘enemy breaker’ uel sim.

Slide27

The Meaning of sanVenetic: <z> zeta /dz/ → /d/Lepontic: <

z> zeta → /st/ or /ts/ (CO·48 Prestino uvamokozis < *-g̑hosti-) <ś> san → /ts/ (CO·48 siteś = /-ts/? < *-

ns; TI·13

piran/ui

χ

= /-ts/? < *-

ns

;

TI·25

anteśilu

< *

ande-ted-ti-?; cp. Ven. Es 76 nom. ve.s.ke.ś. < -et-s, beside *Es 121 dat. ve.s.kete.i.)proportion: zeta = /ts/ + /d/ san = /ts/ + X X = /d/MI·10.1: ṃeśiọlano = MediolanumMI·10.6: śuro = Durus?TI·41 & VB·21: aśkoneti(o) = AdgonnetiusVB·27: aśouni = air. Adomnán?NO·18: aśmina = Adminius27

=

dagr

-rune

Slide28

The Final Phase: Latin Influence28

early phase late phaseomikron(CO·6; TI·41)sigma(CO·6; NO·21.1)mu(TI·30; VR·1)nu(TI·30; BI·4)

Slide29

The Final Phase: Latin Influence29

VB·3.1 Ornavasso: naśom (san4) = /naksi̯om/ ‘Naxian’? or: natom (tau) ‘of the sons’ or

: nax(i)om (ix!) ‘Naxian’?

Slide30

Enigmatic Scripts30

BS·3 bilingual of Voltino: GR·3 Schnabelkanne (beak-spouted jug) from Castaneda:Einfluss der camunischen Schrift?

St. Schumacher, ‘Val Camonica’, in: RGA 35, 335

Slide31

Acknowledgementsmy colleagues in the Lexicon Leponticum-project:Martin BraunChiara DeziMichela Vignoli

31

Slide32

Thank you very muchfor your attention

Prof. Dr. David StifterDept. of Old and Middle IrishSchool of CelticNational University of Ireland Maynooth

32