Issues in Ancient Celtic Writing Celtic Spring 25 May 2012 Prof Dr David Stifter Dept of Old and Middle Irish School of Celtic Studies NUI Maynooth 1 I New Directions in Celtiberian ID: 809593
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Slide1
University of CopenhagenIssues in Ancient Celtic WritingCeltic Spring · 25 May 2012
Prof. Dr. David StifterDept. of Old and Middle IrishSchool of Celtic StudiesNUI Maynooth
1
Slide2I.New Directions in CeltiberianNew Gaulish Inscriptions
2
Slide3Ancient Celtic: Celtiberianca. 150 B.C. – 0in central Spain (Ebro valley, Meseta)in semisyllabic Iberian scriptca. 100, occasionally long texts
Slide4Stops (occlusives) can only be written in combination with vowels. In most cases, there is no distinction in writing between voiceless and voiced stops, even though the language made this distinction, e.g.:
v = t/d + u = tu or duC = k/g + o = ko or go or
f = b + u = bu
Celtiberian Script
a
=
a
e
=
e
i
=
i
o = ou = ul = lr = rm = mn = ns = sz = zAll other signs stand for single sounds: v = du and ö = tuC = ko and G = gof = b + u = bu
Slide5CeltiberianCarlos Jordán Coléra, ‘¿Sistema dual de escritura en celtibérico?’, in: Acta Palaeohispanica IX. Actas del IX Coloquio sobre lenguas y culturas paleohispánicas. Barcelona, 20–24 de octubre de 2004. Ed. F. Beltrán Lloris, C. Jordán Cólera y J. Velaza Frías [=
Palaeohispanica 5], Zaragoza: Institución “Fernando el Católico” 2005 1013–1030.5
Slide6I.Lepontic Palaeography and PhilologyNew Gaulish Inscriptions
6
Slide7Lexicon Leponticum
ca
.
6
th
-1
st
c
.
B.C
.
for Lepontic and
Cisalpine
GaulishNorth-Italian Lake District and Po Valleyca. 400 short texts (only few with more than two words)Lepontic Script
Slide8The Lepontic Script8
taken over from North Etruscan shared with Venetic and Raetic
omission of heta, qoppa
, phi
alphabetic sequence (Ven
. Es 23):
A E V Z
Θ
I K L M N P Ś R S T U X O
CO·53
, ·54:
aev
Lexicon Leponticum (LexLep)9
Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung – Austrian Science Fund
Celtic Research Trust (Isle of Man)
http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/Main_Page
Slide10Lexicon Leponticum (LexLep)10
LexLep: excerpt from CO·48 Prestino
Slide11LexLep: iota11
Slide12LexLep: alpha12
Slide13Graphic Isolates: qoppaNO·22 San Bernardino di Briona, ca. 500 B.C.reading
: quormsklp or quormskla13
Francesco Rubat Borel, "Annexe 2. Nuovi dati per la storia delle lingue celtiche della Cisalpina", in: Daniele Vitali,
Celtes et Gaulois. L'Archéologie face à l'Histoire, 2. La Préhistoire des Celtes. Actes de la table ronde de Bologne-Monterenzio, 28-29 mai 2005. Glux-en-Glenne
[= Bibracte 12/2], Bibracte: Centre archéologique européen 2006, 203-208.
Slide14Graphic Isolates: phi and gammaBG·20 San Capriate San Gervasio, late 5th
c. B.C.reading: ]kiφisi or ]kicrisi14
Alessandro Morandi,
Celti d'Italia. A cura di Paola Piana Agostinetti. Tomo II: Epigrafia e lingua dei Celti d'Italia [= Popoli e civiltà dell'Italia antica 12.2], Roma: Spazio Tre 2004
.
Slide15digamma (wau)15
v:BG·28.2: va
CO·11:
]tiriṣ???v?[
CO·14
:
mei / va
CO·24
:
] ṃa[
CO·31
: vạ [ CO·48: uvamokozis […] < *upm̥h2o- uvltiauioposCO·50: ev?[ = alphabeticCO·53: aẹv [ = alphabeticCO·54: ]ạev [ = alphabeticCO·62: zv ośoris = alphabeticCO·81: ]pa[ MI·12: vat
NO·1
:
§
χ
osioiso v
TI·19
:
iiuioitove
TI·32
:
]??ṇoṿị : p̣la[
VA·4.1
:
amkouvi???ri
VA·4.2
:
vi
χ
u
=
*
u̯ikū
?
(Etr.)
BG·28.2 Ghisalba
VA·4 Sesto Calende
Slide16Voice OppositionVenetic inherited no letters for voiced sounds from Etruscan, but utilised ‘empty’ letters to make a distinction in voice:pi
for /p/, phi for /b/kappa for /k/, chi for /g/tau/theta for /t/, zeta for /d/What about Lepontic?No phi, therefore no graphic distinction of voicedness in labials.
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Slide17Voice Oppositionχ for /g/:NM·6.1:
seχeθu = /sege°/ < *seg̑h- (but CO·57-59 sekezos)
NO·1: § χosioiso v
= /gotsioiso/ < *
g̑
h
osti-
(but CO·48
-kozis
)
PV·4:
eripoχios
= /-bogi̯os/ < *bheg- (but NO·21.1 anokopokios, setupokios)TV·1: pompeteχuaios = /-tengu̯ai̯os/ < *tn̥g̑hu̯eh2- (Oderzo 7 = Venetic writing!)TI·13: pirạṇịχeś = /-nigents/ ‘washing’? < *nei̯gu̯-? (phps. -uiχeś = /-u̯ikents/ ‘fighting’?)χ for /k/:VA·4.2: viχu = /u̯ikū/ < *
u̯ei̯k̑-
(= Etruscan writing?)
χ
for
/ɣ/:
VC·1.2
:
arkatoko{k}materekos
= /argantokomaterekos/ < *
h
2
r̥g̑n̥to-
but
teuoχtonion
= /dēu̯oɣdoni̯on/ < *
g̑
h
d
h
om
-
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Slide18Voice Opposition: theta?θ:CO·48: uvamokozis :
plialeθu : uvltiauiopos : ariuonepos : siteś : tetu (ca. 500 B.C.)NM·6.1: seχeθu (1st half 4th c. B.C.)
VA·3: ]iunθanaχa (end 7
th c. B.C.) (Etr.)
BS·3.2:
θ
omezecuai / obauzana
θ
ina
(Augustan period, Voltino!)
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Slide19Voice Opposition: theta?in Venetic, theta and tau stand for /t/,
zeta for /d/:θ:1. CO·48: uvamokozis : plialeθu : uvltiauiopos : ariuonepos : siteś : tetuEtymology: siteś = *sēdn̥s
‘seats’ tetu = *dedoh
3e ‘has given
’
or
*
d
h
ed
h
oh
1
e ‘has put’ uvltiauiopos = ? plialeθu = *-edōn or *-et-ōn?19
Slide20Voice Opposition: theta and zeta?θ:
NM·6.1: seχeθuEtymology: seχeθu < *seg̑h-edōn or *
-et-ōn?
z for /d/?:
CO·57-59:
sekezos
Etymology:
se
kezos
< *
seg̑
h
-edos or *-et-i̯os? or *-ed-i̯os?20
Slide21san21
David Stifter, "Lepontische Studien: Lexicon Leponticum und die Funktion von san im Lepontischen", in: Karin Stüber, Thomas Zehnder, Dieter Bachmann (Eds.), Akten des 5. Deutschsprachigen Keltologensymposiums. Zürich, 7.–10. September 2009 [= Keltische Forschungen. Allgemeine Reihe 1], Wien: Praesens Verlag 2010, 361-376.
Normal form of
san in Etruscan and Venetic: = Ś
2
oldest form in Lepontic area
‘butterfly character’
=
normal form
attested only in
MN·10.2
aśeś
(lost!)
Slide22san6CO·48: siteś
BG·5: aś VB·2: amaśilu VR·15 kośio VA·16: akeśi
22
Slide23san4MI·5: ś →t MI·1: peśu → petu
VB·3.1: naśom → natom or naxom
23
Slide24san3CO·38: ś →m NO·26: ]auśi → ]aumi?
VC·1.2: atoś → atom or san1? VB·3.1: natoś (Tibiletti Bruno)
→ natom or naxom
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Slide25san225
JU·1: priś (Montmorot/Jura)TI·5: ariśai or arimaiTI·7: aśui or
amui (from *am- ‘to love’ or
*ambi-
‘
around’?)
TI·9:
reśu
or
remu
(cp.
Remi < *prei̯mo-)
Slide26san226
VB·28 Stresa: namu esopnionamu = short form of Namantobogios ‘enemy breaker’ uel sim.
Slide27The Meaning of sanVenetic: <z> zeta /dz/ → /d/Lepontic: <
z> zeta → /st/ or /ts/ (CO·48 Prestino uvamokozis < *-g̑hosti-) <ś> san → /ts/ (CO·48 siteś = /-ts/? < *-
ns; TI·13
piran/ui
χ
eś
= /-ts/? < *-
ns
;
TI·25
anteśilu
< *
ande-ted-ti-?; cp. Ven. Es 76 nom. ve.s.ke.ś. < -et-s, beside *Es 121 dat. ve.s.kete.i.)proportion: zeta = /ts/ + /d/ san = /ts/ + X X = /d/MI·10.1: ṃeśiọlano = MediolanumMI·10.6: śuro = Durus?TI·41 & VB·21: aśkoneti(o) = AdgonnetiusVB·27: aśouni = air. Adomnán?NO·18: aśmina = Adminius27
=
dagr
-rune
Slide28The Final Phase: Latin Influence28
early phase late phaseomikron(CO·6; TI·41)sigma(CO·6; NO·21.1)mu(TI·30; VR·1)nu(TI·30; BI·4)
Slide29The Final Phase: Latin Influence29
VB·3.1 Ornavasso: naśom (san4) = /naksi̯om/ ‘Naxian’? or: natom (tau) ‘of the sons’ or
: nax(i)om (ix!) ‘Naxian’?
Slide30Enigmatic Scripts30
BS·3 bilingual of Voltino: GR·3 Schnabelkanne (beak-spouted jug) from Castaneda:Einfluss der camunischen Schrift?
St. Schumacher, ‘Val Camonica’, in: RGA 35, 335
Slide31Acknowledgementsmy colleagues in the Lexicon Leponticum-project:Martin BraunChiara DeziMichela Vignoli
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Slide32Thank you very muchfor your attention
Prof. Dr. David StifterDept. of Old and Middle IrishSchool of CelticNational University of Ireland Maynooth
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