Cooperation EMPGlycolysis CAC Hormones Blood Glucose Skills to Master Big Pictures Concepts Metabolism Cooperation Blood Glucose Reactions Identify Type Gain and loss of energy CatabolicAnabolic ID: 1044894
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1. Overview/TopicsMetabolism Basics + AdvancedCooperationEMP/GlycolysisCACHormonesBlood GlucoseSkills to MasterBig Pictures ConceptsMetabolismCooperationBlood GlucoseReactionsIdentify TypeGain and loss of energyCatabolic/AnabolicOxid/ReductionReadHein 10th Edition Pages 939-959Sections 34.1-34.9Additional Useful LinksCHE 102 Spring 2020Lecture 34abc – Carbohydrate Metabolism
2. OverviewPhotosynthesis (Anabolic)Carbon is Reduced (+4 → 0)Energy is storedMany small steps6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 2820 kJ → C6H12O6 + 6 O2Chemistry (Catabolic)Carbon is Oxidized (0 → +4)Energy is released (exothermic)Single StepC6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 2820 kJBiology (Catabolic)Carbon is Oxidized (0 → +4)Energy is released (exothermic)Many, many, many steps (20+)EMP/CACEfficiently extract energyCan you:Compare Chemistry vs Biology
3. Energy Metabolism “Big Picture”Basal Metabolic Rate Man (150 lbs/middle aged) =1800 kcal/dayWomen (130 lbs/middle aged) = 1300 kcal/day3 Types of Storage/UseQuick use – muscles/ATP (few seconds)Intermediate – stored glycogen → Glucose → ATP (2 minutes + lactic acid)Longer – Liver produces glucose → muscles 75 watt light bulbEnergy Metabolism “Why Glucose”67% carbon by massEasiest to metabolizeCan be aerobic or anaerobicBrain100% dependent on glucoseUses 60% of body supplyCan you:Definitions3 Type of Energy use/supplyTell me why glucose is so important?
4. Energy Metabolism “Cooperation”Complicated process100’s reactionsMany different cell typesMany different organsLungsO2 inhaledCO2 exhaledBlood Acidity ↓LiverRelease GlucoseRemove LactateBlood Acidity ↓MusclesUse O2Produce CO2Blood Acidity ↑MusclesUse GlucoseProduce LactateBlood Acidity ↑Book: Fig 34.2Can you:CooperationRole of each organ
5. Energy Metabolism “Cooperation”Storage polysaccharide (Ch. 26)(storage after meals)(Liver)(restore blood sugar balance)Energy ProductionEnergy StorageCan you:Big Picture“Definitions”
6. Metabolic DiseasesWhat happens when 1 of 1000’s of things goes wrongDiabetes Mellitus/Hyperglycemia (34.9)Hypoglycemia (34.3)Von Gierke Disease (34.3)McArdle Disease (34.3)Cancer (Blue box p. 947)Can you:Know 1 example“Skip”: Too much biology, not enough chemistry
7. Mastering MetabolismLearn don’t memorizeLots of stepsLots of different picturesIdentify what occurs (reaction type)Energy gained/lostRedox Coenzymes/ATPCan you:What occurredReaction TypeFG gained/lostGain/Lose EnergyOxid/RedCatabolic/Anabolic
8. C6H12O6 + O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 2820 kJEMP and Glycolysis - OverviewAnaerobicCytoplasmInefficient (2 ATP made)Carbon is Oxidized (0 → +4)Energy is released (exothermic)Many, many, many steps (10+)Can you:Why so many steps?Start/End ProductsEnergy Produced vs WastedC6H12O6 + 2 NAD+ + 2H+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi 2 CH3-C-C-O- + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 150 kJGlucosePyruvate2 CH3-C-C-O- + 2 NADH CH3-C-C-O- + 2 NAD+ Glycolysis: O=O=O=O=O=OHCitric Acid CycleCAC Waste Energy30.5 kJ eachNet Gain:2 ATP61 kJInefficient (61/2820 = 2%)Waste = 150 kJ*COOH vs COO-(EMP + 1 more step)Chemistry/Combustion:EMP:
9. HexokinaseADPATPa-D-Glucosea-D-Glucose-6-phosphateStep 1Step 2Phosphoglucoisomerasea-D-Glucose-6-phosphateb-D-Fructose-6-phosphateCan you:What occurredGain/Lose EnergyOxid/RedCatabolic/Anabolic
10. Step 3Step 4b-D-Fructose-6-phosphateADPATPPhosphofructokinaseb-D-Fructose-1,6-bisphosphateb-D-Fructose-1,6-bisphosphateAldolaseGlyceraldehyde-3-phosphateDihydroxyacetone phosphate+
11. Step 5Step 6Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphateTriose phosphate isomeraseGlyceraldehyde-3-phosphateDihydroxyacetone phosphate+Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate2 NAD+Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase1,3-Bisphosphoglyceratex2x22 NADH
12. 1,3-Bisphosphoglyceratex22 ADPPhosphoglycerate kinase3-Phosphoglyceratex22 ATPStep 7Step 82-PhosphoglyceratePhosphoglycerate mutasex23-Phosphoglyceratex2
13. Step 9Step 10EnolasePhosphoenolpyruvatex22-Phosphoglyceratex2Phosphoenolpyruvatex22 ATP2 ADPPyruvate kinasePyruvatex2
14. a-D-GlucoseEmbden-Meyerhof PathwayPyruvatePyruvate+2 ADP+2 ATP+Net Result - EMP
15. Finishing GlycolysisPyruvatemusclesLactic AcidAcetaldehydeyeast+ CO2NAD+NADHNAD+NADHw/o oxygen need to recycle NADH to continue cycle2 mechanisms (human vs yeast)*COOH vs COO-Can you:Why recycle?Yeast > Humans
16. Citric Acid Cycle (CAC)Aerobic CycleMitochondriaEfficientNet result = 4 NADH, 1 FADH2 +1 GTPNo ATP, but 15 ATP “equivalent”/pyruvateProduces 1260 kJ (1260/2820 = 45%) 3 CO2 + 4 NADH + 1 FADH2 + 1 GTP Can you:AerobicNet Reaction (30 ATP)O=O=1 CH3-C-C-O- + 4 NAD+ + 1 FAD + GDP + Pi + 10 H+ + 10 e-15 ATP
17. Preparatory Steps (EMP → CAC)*requires Niacin, riboflavin, thiamin pantothenic acidPyruvateLactic Acid+ NAD++ NADH + H+Step aStep bCan you:ID Link between EMP/CACImportance of CoASH
18. 3 Alternative “Views”Can you:Understand/Don’t Memorize!
19. Coenzyme A (CoASH)Lots of ways to write itCoenzyme-ACoASHCoA-SHBig ugly structure we don’t need to know except for the S-HUsed as an enzyme “handle” to bring a molecule to the CACThe only importantpart!Can you:Just recognize it and why its important
20. Citric Acid Cycle (CAC)Many different representationsDon’t memorize it, Understand it!
21. Can you:Changes in Structure/FGType of ReactionEnergy Gain/LossOxid/Reduction
22. Can you:Changes in Structure/FGType of ReactionEnergy Gain/LossOxid/Reduction
23. Can you:Changes in Structure/FGType of ReactionEnergy Gain/LossOxid/Reduction
24. Can you:Changes in Structure/FGType of ReactionEnergy Gain/LossOxid/Reduction
25. Can you:Changes in Structure/FGType of ReactionEnergy Gain/LossOxid/Reduction
26. Can you:Changes in Structure/FGType of ReactionEnergy Gain/LossOxid/Reduction
27. Can you:Changes in Structure/FGType of ReactionEnergy Gain/LossOxid/Reduction
28. Can you:Changes in Structure/FGType of ReactionEnergy Gain/LossOxid/Reduction
29. Gluconeogenesis (GNG)Reverse of glycolysisConverts many molecules back to glucoseLactateAmino Acids (Alanine, Glutamine)Glycerol (from Triacylglycerides)Occurs primarily in liver, kidneys (other places also)Example of a “Complex Metabolic Pathway”Don’t memorize any reactions, but could appear on examhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GluconeogenesisCan you:Define itWhy its important
30. Can you:Recognize key moleculesDon’t memorize it, use it
31. Complex Metabolic Pathways (34.7)Can you:What is a metabolic pathwayWhy so many stepsPathway intermediates (link multiple pathways)Easier to capture small amounts of energy (safer)Many points of controlRedundancy – many steps used in multiple pathways
32. Can you:Isn’t it beautifulWhy so many steps
33. HormonesDfn – chemical substances that act as control agents (regulate metabolic pathways)Produced by endocrine glands, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal, pituitary, ovaries, testes, placenta Many hormones function in many speciesNo single chemical structure/classificationProteins/PolypeptidesSteroidsAA derivativesOnly small amounts needed (10-6-10-12 M)Produced in the body (not acquired via diet)Can you:Big picture/why are they importantChemical structure
34. Can you:1 Example (Table 34.1)Hormones
35.