12 Soil and Agriculture CHAPTER Possible Transgenic Maize in Oaxaca, Mexico - PowerPoint Presentation

12 Soil and Agriculture CHAPTER

Possible Transgenic Maize in Oaxaca, Mexico In 2001, genetically modified (GM) transgenes were found in native Oaxacan maize. Anti-GM activists worry that transgene “contamination ” will threaten the genetic diversity of the planet’s food supply. The GM industry defends its safety and proclaims that GM crops are necessary to meet growing food demand. Talk About It What are the costs and benefits of genetically modified food crops ?

Lesson 12.1 Soil About 38% of Earth’s land surface is used for agriculture.

Soil Composition Soil is made up of: __________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ Lesson 12. 1 Soil Disintegrated Rock Remains & Wastes of Organisms Water Gases Minerals Microorganisms

Soil Composition Soil is composed of ~___% mineral material, ~___% organic matter (decomposing organisms & microorganisms) & ~___% water and air. One teaspoon of soil can contain _________ of bacteria and ______________ of fungi, algae and protists! Lesson 12. 1 Soil 45 5 Millions Thousands 50

Soil Formation Soil formation is influenced by:__________ - soil forms faster in warm, wet places ____________ - animals burrow and aerate the soil and add organic material ____________ – steeper slopes slow the formation of soil layers _________________ - base geological material ___________ - More time, more soil Lesson 12. 1 Soil Climate Organisms Landforms Parent Material Time

Soil Formation Parent Material – base geological material found in a particular area. Five types of parent material include: ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ _________ - continuous solid rock that makes up the crust Lesson 12. 1 Soil Lava or Volcanic Ash Rock or Sediment Deposited by Glaciers Sediments deposited by rivers Bedrock Sand Dunes

Soil Formation Once parent material is exposed to air, there are 3 main processes that lead to soil formation: 1) _____________: process that breaks rock down into smaller particles____________ – Natural breakup of rock without a chemical change Ex. Wind, Rain & Heat Expansion_____________ – Break down of rocks and parent materials into different materials Ex. Water & Decomposing Organisms (Carbon Dioxide) Lesson 12. 1 Soil Weathering Physical Chemical

Soil Formation 2) _____________: Pick-up, transport, and drop-off of eroded materials from one place to another*Erosion can be a _________ thing because it allows soil to form in another location Lesson 12. 1 Soil Deposition Positive

Soil Formation 3) _________________: Breakdown of waste, organisms, and organic material into simple molecules Ex. Deciduous trees drop their leaves to form leaf litter _________- partially decomposed organic material. A dark, spongy crumbly mass made up of complex organic compounds Soils with a high humus content hold m oisture well and contain nutrients Lesson 12. 1 Soil Decomposition Humus

Soil Horizons Soil ___________ are distinct layers of soil.A cross-section of soil horizons is a _____________. Lesson 12. 1 Soil Horizons Soil Profile

Soil Horizons Topsoil (A Horizon) is composed of _________particles mixed with ___________ material (like humus from the O Horizon). ___________ (eluviation) – the process whereby solid particles suspended or dissolved in liquid are transported to another location.* Not all soils contain all six soil horizons Lesson 12. 1 Soil Mineral Organic Leaching

Soil Characteristics U.S. soil scientists define 12 major soil groups. Soil groups are further classified according to properties such as: _________________________________. Color ______ soils are normally rich in humus and nutrients and _______ soils are normally poor in humus and nutrients. Lesson 12. 1 Soil Color, Texture, Structure & pH Dark Pale

Soil Characteristics Texture Soil texture is based on particle size _______ particles are less than 0.002 millimeters in diameter _______ particles are 0.002 to 0.05 millimeters in diameter _______ particles are 0.05 to 2 millimeters in diameter Most soils are a mixture of the 3 particles. Soil with a relatively even mixture of all 3 is known as _________. Lesson 12. 1 Soil Clay Silt Sand Loam

Soil Characteristics Texture How would you describe the texture of a soil that is 40% sand, 40% silt and 20% clay? Lesson 12. 1 Soil Loam

Soil Characteristics Texture Soil texture influences soil ____________ (how easy it is to plant and harvest from). It also dictates how _________ a soil is – size of the spaces between the particles. The smaller the particles, the smaller the pores and the more difficult it is for air and water to travel to plants. _________ has the smallest particles so it is the least porous. _________ has the largest particles so it is the most porous. _________ or ________ soils are the best for plant growth Lesson 12. 1 Soil Workability Clay Sand Silt Loam Porous

Soil Characteristics Structure _______________ of Soil Particles Ex. How clumpy is the soil? Lesson 12. 1 Soil Arrangement

Soil Characteristics pH ___________ or ____________ Plants have a pH tolerance range and will die in soils that are too acidic or alkaline for them Lesson 12. 1 Soil Acidity Alkalinity

Lesson 12.2 Soil Degradation and Conservation Some estimates predict that 50 million people could be displaced in the next 10 years due to desertification, a form of soil degradation. A dust storm near Stratford, Texas, in 1935

Soil Characteristics In general, the most productive soil is __________, with a neutral ____, that is _____________, contains ____________ & holds ____________. Lesson 12. 1 Soil Loam pH workable nutrients water

Soil Degradation Lesson 12.2 Soil Degradation and Conservation ___________________ - The deterioration of the soil characteristics needed for plant growth or ecosystem services Human a ctivities can cause 3 main types of soil degradation: _________________ _________________ _________________ Soil Degradation Erosion Desertification Pollution

Erosion Lesson 12.2 Soil Degradation and Conservation Even though erosion and deposition can help create soil, erosion usually occurs much _________ than soil is formed. Caused by __________________ & ___________________ Humans encourage erosion by: Leaving soil bare after a ___________ ______________ rangelands Clearing forests on _____________ _______________ forests Faster Natural Practices Human Activities Harvest Overgrazing Steep Slopes Clear Cutting

Erosion Lesson 12.2 Soil Degradation and Conservation Crops , trees, and other plant communities _________ soil from erosion . Farming Practices that Reduce Erosion: 1) ________________: Different crops mixed together so it provides more plant cover 2) _______________: Crops are alternated or a cover crop is planted 3) ______________: Tall plants block wind & prevent wind erosion. Protect Intercropping Crop Rotation Shelterbelts

Farming Practices That Reduce Erosion 4) Conservation _________: Soil turnover is reduced. 5) ___________: Steep slopes turned into “steps”6) ___________________: Planting perpendicular to hill’s slope Lesson 12.2 Soil Degradation and Conservation Tillage Terracing Contour Farming Terracing Contour Farming

Ranching Practices ___________ is the raising and grazing of livestock. When too many animals each too much of the plant cover, slowing regrowth, it is known as _____________.Overgrazing causes and worsens many _______ problems . Lesson 12.2 Soil Degradation and Conservation Ranching Overgrazing Soil

Ranching Practices Overgrazing on publicly owned land can be an example of ________________________________.In response, range managers often encourage _______________ and enforce them on publicly owned land. Lesson 12.2 Soil Degradation and Conservation The Tragedy of the Commons Grazing Limits

Forestry Practices Lesson 12.2 Soil Degradation and Conservation Forestry practices, such as ________________, can increase erosion. Today, practices that reduce soil erosion, such as _________________ logging are increasingly common. Clear Cutting Selection System

Desertification Lesson 12.2 Soil Degradation and Conservation Loss of more than ______ of soil productivityCauses: soil compaction, _________, overgrazing, drought , depletion of _________________or other factors _____ and semi-arid lands are the most prone because they get too little _______________ to keep up with growing human population. 10% Erosion Water Sources Arid Precipitation

Desertification Lesson 12.2 Soil Degradation and Conservation The _____________ was a major desertification event in the 1930s .Poor agricultural practices and a massive _________ caused extreme _____________ and led to this event. Area affected by the Dust Bowl Dust Bowl Drought Wind Erosion

Soil Conservation Efforts Lesson 12.2 Soil Degradation and Conservation U.S. ___________________ Act (1935): Established the Soil Conservation Service, today called the Natural Resources Conservation ServiceFarmer-Centered Agricultural Resource Management Program (________): A United Nations effort that focuses on resource challenges in developing nations Soil Conservation FARM

Soil Pollution Lesson 12.2 Soil Degradation and Conservation Too much, or carelessly timed irrigation can __________ crops or lead to _____________—a buildup of salts in upper soil horizons.Ways to prevent salinization:Avoid planting crops that require a lot of water in ____ areas Irrigate with water that is ______ in salt content Irrigate efficiently (________________) *Another option is to simply plant _______________ crops such as barley Waterlog Salinization Dry Low Drip Irrigation Salt Tolerant

Soil Pollution Lesson 12.2 Soil Degradation and Conservation ___________ - a chemical that kills organisms which compete with crops Toxic pesticides can remain in soil for a long time, eventually filtering to _______________. Pesticide Groundwater

Lesson 12.3 Agriculture Humans have been practicing agriculture for about 10,000 years.

The Beginnings of Agriculture People were ___________________ through most of human history, until agriculture developed about _______ years ago. Lesson 12.3 Agriculture Hunter-Gatherers 10,000

Selective Breeding and Settlement In early agriculture, people began planting (sometimes accidentally) seeds from plants they liked most, a form of ____________________.Crop cultivation enabled people to settle permanently, often near ________ sources, and raise ___________. Agriculture and livestock provided a _________ food supply, which allowed the development of modern ____________. Lesson 12.3 Agriculture Artificial Selection Water Livestock Stable Civilization

Traditional Agriculture Agriculture “powered” by __________________ Does not require any _________________ Practiced widely until the ___________________ Lesson 12.3 Agriculture People & Animals Fossil Fuels Industrial Revolution

Industrial Agriculture Agriculture that requires the use of ______________ Involves ___________ farming technology, manufactured ____________, and large-scale ___________ _______ increased dramatically Lesson 12.3 Agriculture Fossil Fuels Mechanized Chemicals Irrigation Yield

Industrial Agriculture To be efficient, large areas are planted with a single crop in a ______________. Advantage:_________________________________ Disadvantage:______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Lesson 12.3 Agriculture Monoculture Very efficient – increases yield Can lead to large scale crop failure since the plants are vulnerable to the same pests & diseases

The Green Revolution Introduced new _____________, crop _________, and farming practices to the _____________ world in the mid- to late 1900s Came from the desire to have more and better food for the world’s growing ____________ Norman Borlaug began the revolution by giving Mexico’s farmers a specially bred strain of ____________ * In this case, “Green” means ______________________ not ___________________________ Lesson 12.3 Agriculture Technology Varieties Developing Population Covered with Plants Environmentally Friendly wheat

The Green Revolution Benefits:Increased _____________ and saved millions of people from ___________ in India and Pakistan Prevented some _________________ and ______________ by increasing yields on cultivated land Lesson 12.3 Agriculture Crop Yields Starvation Deforestation Habitat Loss

The Green Revolution Costs:Led to a __________ increase in energy used by agriculture (Between 1900 & 2008) Worsened _____________, _____________, desertification, eutrophication, and ______________ Lesson 12.3 Agriculture 7000% Erosion Salinization Pollution

______ - an organism that damages something that is valuable to us (like crops) _______ - a plant that competes with our plants Pests and Weed Control Lesson 12.3 Agriculture Pest Weed

Chemical pesticides: ______________________, but can lead to ______________When an organism contains a ________ that allows it to survive the pesticide, it will survive and pass that trait onto its _____________Over time, the frequency of this gene will __________ in the population and the pesticide will be less ______________ Pests and Weed Control Lesson 12.3 Agriculture Effective & Cheap Resistance Gene Offspring Increase Effective

Biological pest control: Controlling pests and weeds with organisms that _____ or _________ them Ex. Parasitoid _______ on tomato ___________ Ex. ___ (Bacillus Thuringiensis) is a bacteria that produces a _________ that kills many pests Pests and Weed Control Lesson 12.3 Agriculture Eat Infect Wasp Hornworm Bt Protein

Biological pest control: Can be a permanent solution, but can harm nontarget organisms Ex. The Cactus Moth The cactus moth was taken to Australia from Argentina and used to eat the ____________________ which was considered a weed. It was successful in Australia but when it was brought to the ____________, it spread to ________ and devastated many of the rare native cacti there. Pests and Weed Control Lesson 12.3 Agriculture Prickly Pear Cactus Caribbean Florida

Integrated pest management: Increasingly popular solution. Includes a ______________ of:___________ pest control Close monitoring of populations H abitat alteration _______________ R educed soil tillage M echanical pest removal __________ pesticides Has worked well in _______ Pests and Weed Control Lesson 12.3 Agriculture Combination Biological Crop Rotation Chemical India

Pollinators Pollination is the process by which male sex cells of a plant (_______) fertilize female sex cells of a plant (______). Animals which carry the pollen from one flower to the next are called _____________. Agriculture (~ _____________) relies on pollinators, such as insects. Lesson 12.3 Agriculture Pollen Egg Pollinators 800 species

Pollinators Native and domesticated pollinator populations have __________ due to pesticide use, parasites, and ___________ causes .Ex. __________In order to conserve pollinators, pesticides should be limited and ______________________ should be used Lesson 12.3 Agriculture Declined Unknown Honeybee Insect Specific Traps

Lesson 12.4 Food Production Each year, Earth gains 75 million people and loses 5–7 million hectares of productive cropland.

Food Security It is estimated that there will be __________ people on the planet by 2050.We are running out of ________ land (land suitable for farming) Since 1960, our ability to produce food has grown faster than the human population, but __________ people are currently hungry worldwide. Lesson 12.4 Food Production 9 Billion Arable 1 Billion

Food Security ______________ (a shortage of nutrients in the body) & ____________________ (receiving less than 90% of daily caloric needs) are most common in the _____________world.For most undernourished people, the reason is ___________ Kwashiorkor – Too little _________ (bloated belly)Marasmus – Overall undernourishment (not enough calories or nutrients)Even though this problem is most common the developing world, it is estimated that ______________ Americans are food insecure. Lesson 12.4 Food Production Malnutrition Undernourishment Developing Economic Protein 36 Million

Food Security Agriculture scientists and policymakers are working toward __________________—the guarantee of an adequate food supply for all people at all times. Food security depends on:Maintaining healthy soil & water Protecting _____________ of food sourcesSafe______________ of food Lesson 12.4 Food Production This woman suffers from Kwashiorkor, a disease caused by protein deficiency. Food Security Biodiversity Distribution

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)One possible way to feed more people is through genetically modified organisms (_______) GMOs - Organisms that have had their ______ modifiedEngineered through ______________________________, which means that DNA from multiple organisms is pieced together. A desired _______ is taken from one organism and place in another.Ex. Rapid growth, pest resistance, & frost toleranceEx. ___________________ (the corn is engineered to make the protein that kills caterpillars and other pests) Lesson 12.4 Food Production DNA GMOs Recombinant DNA Technology gene Bt resistant corn

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)In the United States, 85% of ______ and more than 90% of soybean, ________, and canola crops come from GM strains .Worldwide, 70% of soybean crops and 25% of corn crops are GM. Lesson 12.4 Food Production corn cotton

Risks and Benefits of GM Crops Risks:Potential for “_______________ ” that are resistant to pest-resistant cropsContamination of ____________ plantsEx. GM genes have made their way wild corn and grassSo far, there is ____________ evidence of harm Lesson 12.4 Food Production superpests Non-GM Very little

Risks and Benefits of GM Crops Lesson 12.4 Food Production Benefits: Insect-resistant crops reduce the need for ______________. Reduced __________ emission (~6.3 million cars worth). More efficient __________________ Unfortunately, at this time, GMOs are doing little to address the issue of world hunger because the traits that are focused on benefit _______________________ and some nations has _____________ that prevent the use of GM crops. Pesticides carbon Crop production Large scale farmers regulations

Risks and Benefits of GM Crops Lesson 12.4 Food Production ______________ is an example of a globally beneficial GM crop The rice is engineered to contain ___________ with the hope to prevent a deficiency that can lead to problems such as blindness. Golden Rice Vitamin A

Industrial Food Production: Feedlots Feedlots AKA ______________ Alternative to ______________ in which energy-rich food is delivered to a ________________ group of livestock or poultryMore than ______ of the world’s pork and poultry comes from feedlots Lesson 12.4 Food Production Open Grazing Concentrated Factory Farms half

Industrial Food Production: Feedlots Benefits: Reduces soil degradation, ______________ and __________ useCosts: Requires ________________ Has the potential for ________ contamination (with antibiotics & steroids) Animal _________ Lesson 12.4 Food Production Overgrazing Fertilizer Antibiotic Use Water Stress

Industrial Food Production: Aquaculture ______________ in a controlled environmentBenefits: Can be sustainable; reduces ___________; reduces fossil fuel use Costs: More difficult to control spread of ___________; produces a lot of waste; potential for farm-raised animals to escape into ______ Lesson 12.4 Food Production Did You Know? Aquaculture is the fastest-growing type of food production. Fish Farming By-catch disease wild

Effect on Plant Diversity People worry that ____________ will outcompete wild plants and cause them to go extinctThey worry that if this occurs, _____ pest or disease could wipe out ____ of the plants since they would all be genetically the same.______________ have been started to preserve seeds of diverse plants as an insurance against a global crop collapse GM Plants one all Seed Banks

Sustainable Agriculture Includes alternatives to __________ agricultureDoes not deplete ______ faster than it formsDoes not reduce the amount or quality of soil, ______ , and genetic diversity essential to long-term crop and livestock production Agriculture that can be practiced the same way far into the _________. Lesson 12.4 Food Production soil water future industrial

Sustainable Agriculture __________ agriculture is sustainable agriculture that does not use synthetic chemicals. Lesson 12.4 Food Production Organic

Sustainable Agriculture Organic food purchases increased ________ from 1999 to 2008.Although organic farming is still a minority, the market continues to increase today. Locally Supported Agriculture Local, small-scale agriculture reduces the use of fossil fuels and _____________ used for transportation and storage.People seem to enjoy purchasing produce for _______ and _________ as opposed to ____________. Lesson 12.4 Food Production 200% chemicals taste texture durability