Arabian peninsula is shaped by - PowerPoint Presentation

Arabian peninsula is shaped by Bedouin culture, which emphasized:Kin-related clans which formed larger tribes led by shaykhs Interclan rivalry for resourcesWomen playing key roles and enjoying greater relative freedomA religion that blends animism and polytheism Desert & Town The Pre-Islamic Arabic World

Towns & Trade Arabian peninsula lies on the periphery of the classical worldBedouins live by herding; cities develop further south (Mecca and Medina) Fierce competition and battles over oases and trade routes

Muhammad and the Birth of Islam 7th century C.E., a new religion arose in the Arabian peninsula. Built on the revelations received by the prophet Muhammad, Islam won over many camel-herding tribes of the peninsula within decades.Islam united Arabs under an important ethical system. Islam’s beliefs and practices (including the five pillars ) eventually made it one of the great world religions.

The archangel Gabriel brings the word of God to Muhammad. ( Turkish poet - Siyer -i Nebi : The Life of the Prophet, 1595.) Why are paintings like this not accepted in all Muslim societies?

Persecution, Flight & Victory Muhammad gains a small following but it constantly threatened by the Umayyad Hijra to Medina creates a loyal core and the return to Mecca makes the new faith permanent The Prophet and his companions advancing on Mecca, attended by the angels Gabriel, Michael, Israfil and Azrail . Siyer -i Nebi : The Life of the Prophet 1595.

What Islam Offers One god that transcends all clan rivalriesEnd to vendettas and feuds under the umma An ethical system that heals social rifts A code of law to organize society An acceptance of the revelations in Judaism and Christianity which makes it easier for Islam to spread

The Death of Muhammad Many bedouin reject IslamConflict over successionAbu Bakr works to bring people back into the ummaConquests into the Persian and Byzantine empires garners wealth and spreads Islam Mourning of the Death of Muhammad Siyer -i Nebi : The Life of the Prophet. Istanbul, 1595.

EAT ITEvaluating the rise and Spread of Dar Al Islam 600-1450-

http://wpscms.pearsoncmg.com/wps/media/objects/3052/3125929/flash/ch7/ch07.swf The Expansion of Islam

Formerly decentralized nomadic traders A.The Arabs were located along the periphery of the Classical world trading along caravan routes, establishing lucrative trading ties to important

Spread along trade routes3. Muslim merchants would share their new religious values in caravan cities like Jerusalem, Medina and Mecca where the promise of a kingdom of paradise would appeal to traders in the bazaars

Considered by Muslims to be a primary source B. The Quran is believed to be the divinely revealed word of Allah(God) to the prophet Muhammad through the angel Gabriel which enforces a moral and ethical code and defense of Islam in return for salvation (paradise)

Unites initially all Arabs, then spreads throughout Afro Eurasia ( first Global religion) 6. . Islam meaning submission to the word of God (Allah) in Arabic provides a narrative in the Quran (Koran) which provides a the promise of something better, peaceful and a great reward in the afterlife (paradise)

Jihad means struggleC.The military victories in defense of Islam (Jihad) enabled Arab cavalry to spread their faith to the converts in the Arabian Peninsula, South West Asia through Persia and into Northern Africa and Southern Spain (Iberian Peninsula)

One of the many ways Islam spreads 2. Militarily competitive by nature, the Arabs used the conquest united in the concept of Jihad (holy struggle) to thwart off enemies along the trade routes traveled by recently converted Arab merchants.

Unifies providing common identity D.The Uma (Muslim community) unified the Arabs and provided an opportunity to seize the opportunity to command power in a vacuum once dominated by Persia and the Byzantine Empire

5 pillars, Koran,Umma,Sharia 5. The formerly decentralized Arab Bedouins (nomads of the Arabian desert) felt a sense of belonging, community and no longer had to fight amongst themselves over scarce resources as they had a new monotheistic identity

Islam fulfills all political, economic and cultural regulations E.The caliph (successor to Muhammad) established a theocracy where laws (Sharia) and governance provide regulations between Muslims and non-Muslims

Helped to create a tolerant society1. Islam provided the proper governance including successor ship, laws between individuals and tolerance of “people of the book “ called dhimmi provided to Jews and Christians in their empire

Why many people will convert (its easy) F.Al-Baladhuri identifies that the Hims (Syrian non-Muslims) liked the rule of the Muslims over that of the Byzantine and helped defeat the Byzantine by closing the gates of the city only to come out later to pay the Jizya(land tax paid by non-Muslims) 

Tolerance is a plus4.Islam is has all of the governing qualities of an Empire but preaches tolerance and regulates relationships from trade to disputes and appealed to people around the Mediterrean in opposition to intolerant empires like the Byzantine

From 600-1450 Dar al Islam spread across trade routes uniting all Arabs under the banner of islam, the Sharia and the Caliphate, provided a regulation of trade as it spread across overland and maritime routes and providing a sense of community ( Umma) providing ethical guidance through the 5 pillars and the Islamic Justice system ( Ulema and Quadis)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TMMNnKUTdZ0

Umayyad Rule and the Sunni-Shi’a Split Conflict over successors leads to split, which remains to this dayUmayyad settle internal disputes and pushed forward into central Asia, northwest India, and southwestern Europe.built an imperial administration with both bureaucracy and military dominated by a Muslim Arab elite.Sunnis believe the successor to Muhammad (caliph)should be chosen by Muslim community Shiites believe that only direct descendants should succeed Muhammad Sufis were missionaries who sought to communicate through rituals, poetry and meditation

Umayyad policy did not prevent interaction, intermarriage, and conversion between Arabs and their subjects. Most of the conquered peoples were Dhimmis (people of the book). Included Jews and Christians; later Zoroastrians and Hindus. Dhimmis had to pay taxes ( jizya ) but could retain their own religious and social organization. Sharia- provide laws for everyone to live by ( Qadis -judges)( Ulema - jurists) Converts and “People of the Book.”

Family and Gender Roles Altered as the Muslim community(Umma) expanded. Initially, the more favorable status of women prevailed over the seclusion and male domination common in the Middle East. Quran stressed the moral and ethical dimensions of marriage. Adultery of both partners wasdenounced; female infanticide was forbidden. Women could have only one husband, but men were allowed four wives, though all had to be treated equally. Muhammad strengthened women’s legal rights in inheritance and divorce. Both sexes were equal before Allah

How does it impact the world today? More synthesisToday there are over 1,7 billion Muslims and increasingly are growing. Indonesia is the most populous with over 40 million residing in the U.S.A.There is still great misperception about this religion often marginalized based upon the actions a a small few extremists engaging in acts that are disavowed by the majority Muslim worlds. The proxy wars in Yemen fought by Saudi and Iranian forces is a continuation of the division currently existing between Sunnis and Shiites although many historians speculate that this is a convenient excuse to take sides