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Slide1
Poetry Terms
In this
powerpoint
, your
vocab
words have asterisks around them.
*like this*Slide2
*Rhyme Scheme*
a pattern or sequence where the rhyme occurs
(
abab
cdcd
for Two tramps) Slide3
*METER*
Pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables established in a line
Stressed syllable (‘) is the accented or long syllable
Unstressed (u) is unaccented or short syllable
Meter signifies both TYPE of pattern and NUMBER OF
PATTERN
You will here more about this later
Shakespeare’s meter is Iambic Pentameter
Iambic = type
Pentameter= numberSlide4
*Poetic Foot*
unit of meter (two or three syllables
)
Example:
iam
(stress, unstressed)Slide5
Iambic-
two syllable foot with stress on second syllable
Below; delight; a muse
A/ book /of /over/
seas
A /jug / of /wine/ a /loaf/ of /bread /–and /though/
AS OPPOSED TO-
Dou/
ble
, /
dou
/
ble
/ toil /and/
trou
/
ble
Fire/ burn/ and /
caul
/
dron
/
bub
/
ble
Slide6
*Metaphor*
an implied comparison between two usually unrelated things. Slide7
Metaphor Examples
Copy one and EXPLAIN the metaphor:
Example:
Fred’s a pig at the table
This is a comparison between Fred’s eating habits and a pig. Since pig’s have a reputation for being messy, disgusting, and slurping eaters, Fred might similarly slurp, chew, and devour his food. Fred = gross eater.
All the world’s a stage
she was peaches and cream
The screaming headlines announced the murder
Life’s a short summer, man a flower Slide8
METAPHOR
Refrain from
“My Love and My Heart”
But my love she is a kitten,
And my heart’s a ball of string
-Henry Leigh Slide9
*Personification*
Giving human characteristics to objects ideas or animals Slide10
PERSONIFICATION
Resonance?
The wind whistled
Her heart cried out
Bright April shakes out her rain-drenched hair
The screams of cut trees
The dusky night rides down the sky
The waves beside them danced
Time, the subtle thief of youth
Death, be not proud though some have called thee Mighty and dreadfulSlide11
*Hyperbole*
An exaggeration for the sake of emphasis and is not to be taken literally
Sweat to death
Rivers of blood
As old as time
A million times a day
You make one… Slide12
HYPERBOLE
From “The Man with the Hoe”
Bowed by the weight of centuries he leans
Upon his hoe and gazes on the ground
The emptiness of ages in his face,
And on his back the burden of the world
-Edwin
MarkhanSlide13
HYPERBOLE
From “A Red, Red Rose”
Til
a’ the seas go dry, my dear
And the rocks melt
wi
’ the sun!
And I will love thee still, me dear…
-Robert Burns Slide14
*Narrative poem*-
a poem that tells a story
*Ballad*-
narrative poem; focuses around one event. Typically rhymes and has four stanzas. Slide15
Boston Reading?
http://
robertfrostoutloud.com/TwoTrampsInMudTime.html
Example of narrative/ballad Slide16
REVIEW
We’ve discussed some of the following already as literature terms. They are also poetry terms. Thus,
you
probably have
a general sense of their meaning. Slide17
*Figurative*
Not to be interpreted literally; creates vivid impressions
Frequently uses poetic figures of speech (metaphors, similes, personification)
His Countenance—a Billow—
His fingers, as He passed
Let go a music—as of tunes
Blown tremulous in Glass
—
What do you think this figurative language references? (answer on next slide)Slide18
*Literal* (the answer wind)
Uses words in their ordinary sense.
Opposite of figurative language
“GO TAKE A HIKE!”
Literal or figurative?Slide19
*Symbolic*
A word or image that signifies something other than what is literarily represented Slide20
*Allusion*
A reference to a well-known person, place, event, literary work, or work of art.
"Christy didn't like to spend money. She was no Scrooge, but she seldom purchased anything except the bare necessities".
“You’re such a Romeo”Slide21
*Oxymoron*
Figure of speech that contains two normally contradictory words
Fun Greek etymological facts:
Oxy – sharp; pointed
Moros
– dull Slide22
Deliberate
Oxymorons
Often a writer will use an oxymoron in order to deliberately call attention to a contradiction.
Wilfred Owen in his poem “The Send-off” refers to soldiers leaving for the front line, who
“Lined the train with faces grimly gay."
contradiction between how the soldiers feel and how they act
though putting on a brave face and acting
gay
, they actually feel
grim
.
Some examples of deliberate
oxymorons
include:
Deafening silence
Sweet sorrow
Forward retreat
Accidentally on PurposeSlide23
Oxymoron popular usage
(contradiction in terms
..mostly without sense of paradox)
Bittersweet
Controlled chaos
Icy hot
Same difference
Living dead (i.e. the undead)
Open secret
Organized mess
Dry Ice
Oxymoron
Jumbo shrimp
Biggie Smalls
Sober Drunk
Black light
Unconscious thoughtSlide24
*Onomatopoeia*
The use of a word to represent or imitate natural sounds
(buzz, crunch, tinkle, gurgle, sizzle, hiss,
ribbit
, cock-a-doodle-do) Slide25
excerpt from
“The Coming of Arthur”
Clang battleaxe and clash brand!
Let the king reign.
Identify OnomatopoeiaSlide26
excerpt from
“The Princess”
“The moan of doves in immemorial elms
And murmuring of innumerable bees”
Identify OnomatopoeiaSlide27
All of the following are….SOUND
DEVICES
*Rhyme*
(the pairing of words that sound the same)
*Onomatopoeia*
(words which sound like their meaning: snap, bang, crack
)…you just defined this
Assonance
Consonance
Alliteration Slide28
*Alliteration*
The repetition of initial letter or sound in two or more words
“What a wonderful way to wash the windows”
How much dew could a dewdrop drop if a dew drop did drop dew? Slide29
A Tutor who tooted the flute
Tried to teach two young tooters to toot:
Said the two to the Tutor,
“is it harder to toot, or
To tutor two tooters to toot?
A Tutor – Carolyn Wells
?Slide30
*Consonance*
the repetition of consonant sounds with a line of verse.
Consonance is similar to alliteration except that consonance doesn’t limit the repeated sound to the initial letter of a word Slide31
Crossing the Bar
But such a tide as moving seems asleep
full for sound and foam Slide32
From “In memoriam”
Oh yet we trust that somehow good
Will be the final goal of ill
To pangs of nature, sins of will
Defects of doubt, and taints of blood Slide33
From “The Bugle Song”
The splendor falls on castle walls
And snowy summits old in story
The long light shakes across the lakes
And the wild cataract leaps in glorySlide34
*Assonance*
the repetition of vowel sounds in two or more words
It’s sometimes called partial or near rhyme
Lake & Stake = Rhyme
Lake & Fate = Assonance
Base & Face = Rhyme
Lake & Fate = Assonance
“The mule told you the truth”
fl
ee
t f
ee
t sw
ee
p by sl
ee
ping Gr
ee
ks.Slide35
The Effect of Sound Devices: Vowel Sounds
The sentence abandons that sound as it continues, but returns to it for the very last word of the sentence: "ribcage.“
He's already emphasized this word by ending the sentence with it, and through assonance, in the way the word chimes with those earlier words, he further underlines its importance to this paragraph.
And stepping softly with her air of blooded ruin about the glade in a frail agony of grace she trailed her rags through dust and ashes, circling the dead fire, the charred billets and chalk bones, the little
calcined
ribcage.
What’s the mood?
Look for long
A
s
You might quickly be aware of alliteration or even consonance; however,
assonance tends to work more subtly, setting tone and mood in an almost
subconscious way, the way music does.
Higher sounds can increase the energy level in prose while longer vowel sounds,
long
A
s and
OO
s, for instance, slow it down and provide a more somber feeling.Slide36
REVIEW of SOUND DEVICES
Rhyme (the pairing of words that sound the same)
Onomatopoeia (words which sound like their meaning: snap, bang, crack)
Alliteration - the repetition of a sound in the beginning of a word
“What a wonderful way to wash the windows”)
Assonance-the repetition of vowel sounds
“The mule told you the truth”
Consonance -he repetition of consonants:
“The dog waggled its goofy tail” Slide37
Are you on track?
These terms should be under your belt—
(figuratively speaking….)
Metaphor
Personification
Symbol
Hyperbole
Literal
Figurative
Symbolic
Onomatopoeia Slide38
STOP HERE!
This ends “
vocab
unit one”
Meaning, this is your homework due for Wednesday. We will go over the remainder in class. If you’d like to browse through the words, go ahead.
Thanks for watching
Slide39
Random Math Review ?
THIS IS A RECTANGLE:
it is a four-sided figured with four right angles.
THIS IS
ALSO
A RECTANGLE:
it is a four-sided figured with four right angles.
This one is also a square……why?
Synecdoche has a similar relationship with Metonymy.
Stay tuned to find out more
THEREFORE-
A square is a more specific kind of rectangle.
Time for New Stuff:Slide40
What word white house a substitution for?
What word is crown a substitution for?
Metonymy (me
ton’
e mi):
The substitution of a word through naming an object for another word closely associated with it.
Pay tribute to the crown
(crown substituted for king)
The white house has declared ….
White house = president
The pen is mightier than the sword
Pen = written word; sword= brawn
He had to sweat for his bread
Sweat = hard work ; bread = food; livelihood
Identify metonymy Slide41
word
Literal meaning
Metonymy / Figurative Use
Damages
destructive effects
money paid in compensation
Word
a unit of language
a promise
(
to give/keep/break one's word); a conversation (to have a word with)
Sweat
perspiration
hard work
Tongue
Oral Muscle
a
language or dialect
The Press
Printing Press
The news
media
Houston
largest city in the state
of Texas
NASA
Mission Control.
from
the
phrase “Houston, we have a problem”Slide42
Movin’ on!
Let’s pump some iron and make some paperSlide43
Synecdoche: (si-
nek
’-de-
ki
)
Mentioning a part of something to represent the whole
All hands on deck
Give us this day our daily bread
"His parents bought him a new
set of wheels
."
Select one and explain:
Why this is synecdoche? Why is it more than metonymy? Slide44
Synecdoche in
“
Casey at the Bat”
Ten thousand eyes were on him as he rubbed his hands in the dirt
Five thousand tongues applaud when he wiped the on his shirt
Identify Synecdoche Slide45
Contrast and Compare
Synecdoche is closely related to metonymy
Term where part of one thing is used to refer to the whole
Term where one thing is used to refer to a related thing
Synecdoche is considered a subclass of metonymy.
It is more distantly related to other figures of speech, such as metaphor
In some ways, metonymy and synecdoche may be considered as sub-species of metaphor, intending metaphor as a type of conceptual substitution
METAPHOR. METONYMY. SYNEDOCHE
Which one’s which?Slide46
Math Review PART II
Quadrilateral
Parallelogram
Rectangle
Square
FIGURES OF SPEECH
Figures of Speech
Metaphor
Metonymy
Synecdoche
=
(note this is a simile:
Quadrilateral distinctions
are like figures of speech)Slide47
Apostrophe
Apostrophe is the addressing of someone or something usually not present, as though present
O Captain! My Captain! Our fearful trip is done (Walt Whitman)
Death, be not proud, though some have called thee mighty and dreadful Slide48
START HERE
Analyze this…
excerpts from “Boom
Boom
Pow
”
What poetic devices are used here?
…
YO, I GOT THAT HIT THAT BEAT THE BLOCK
…
THEM CHICKENS COPY MY STYLE
…
I GOT THAT BOOM
BOOM
POW! Slide49
Open up to “Music I Heard”
Identify
Apostrophe
,
Metonymy
, and
Synecdoche
AUGMENT YOUR NOTES
Flip to the back and write a summary of “Casey and the Bat”
Write one example of
synecdoche
and one example of
hyperbole
Write a block for Music I heard:
Summary; example of metonymy and apostrophe Slide50
Are you on track still?
You should have a developing knowledge of these terms:
Synecdoche
Metonymy
The difference between the two and the difference between those two and metaphor
Apostrophe Slide51
Your objectives by the end of class
Understand responsibilities for library tomorrow
(COME HERE FIRST…WE WILL BE GOING OVER HOMEWORK)
Fully understand words from previous slides
Build an understanding of sound devices:
Alliteration
Consonance
Assonance
Understand plot and poetic devices in “The Wreck of the Hesperus”Slide52
Focal Judgments
The Wreck of the Hesperus – Longfellow Slide53
Rhyme Scheme
a pattern or sequence where the rhyme occurs
(
abab
cdcd
for Two tramps) Slide54
rhythm:
the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line.
meter:
the number of feet in a line.
scansion:
Describing the rhythms of poetry by dividing the lines into feet, marking the locations of stressed and unstressed syllables, and counting the syllables.Slide55
Thus, when we describe the rhythm of a poem, we “scan” the poem and mark the stresses (/) and absences of stress (^) and count the number of feet.
In English, the major feet are:
iamb
(^/) ^ / ^ / ^ / ^ / ^ / ^ / ^ / The falling out of faithful friends, renewing is of love
trochee
(/^) / ^ / ^ / ^ / ^ Double, double toil and trouble
anapest
(^^/) ^ ^ / ^ ^ / ^ ^ / I am monarch of all I survey Slide56
Iambic
and
anapestic
meters are called rising meters because their movement rises from unstressed syllable to stressed;
trochaic
and
dactylic
meters are called falling. In the twentieth century, the bouncing meters--anapestic and dactylic--have been used more often for comic verse than for serious poetry.Slide57
A frequently heard metrical description is iambic pentameter: a line of five iambs. This is a meter especially familiar because it occurs in all blank verse (such as Shakespeare’s plays), heroic couplets, and sonnets.
Pentameter is one name for the number of feet in a line. The commonly used names for line lengths are:
monometer
one foot
pentameter
five feet
dimeter
two feet
hexameter
six feet
trimeter
three feet
heptameter
seven feet
tetrameter
four feet
octameter
eight feetSlide58
The scansion of this quatrain from Shakespeare’s Sonnet 73 shows the following accents and divisions into feet (note the following words were split: behold, yellow, upon, against,
ruin'd
):
^ / ^ / ^ / ^ / ^ / That time | of year | thou
mayst
| in me | be hold | ^ / ^ / ^ / ^ / ^ / When
yel
| low leaves, | or none, | or few, | do hang | ^ / ^ / ^ / ^ / ^ / Up on | those boughs | which shake | a
gainst
| the cold, | ^ / ^ / ^ / ^ / ^ / Bare
ru
|
in'd
choirs | where late | the sweet birds sang | Slide59Slide60
From this, we see the rhythm of this quatrain is made up of one unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable, called an iambic foot. We also see there are five feet per line, making the meter of the line pentameter. So, the rhythm and meter are iambic pentameter.
Yes, that’s all very lovely, but why do we study rhythm? People have a basic need for rhythm, or for the effect produced by it, as laboratory experiments in psychology have demonstrated, and as you can see by watching a crew of workers digging or hammering, or by listening to chants and work songs. Rhythm gives pleasure and a more emotional response to the listener or reader because it establishes a pattern of expectations, and rewards the listener or reader with the pleasure that comes from having those expectations fulfilled, or the noted change in a rhythm, as in the Yeats example.
An argument might be raised against scanning: isn’t it too simple to expect that all language can be divided into neat stressed and unstressed syllables? Of course it is. There are infinite levels of stress, from the loudest scream to the faintest whisper. But, the idea in scanning a poem is not to reproduce the sound of a human voice. A tape recorder can do that. To scan a poem is to make a diagram of the stresses and absence of stress we find in it. Studying rhythms, “scanning,” is not just a way of pointing to syllables; it is also a matter of listening to a poem and making sense of it. To scan a poem is one way to indicate how to read it aloud; in order to see where stresses fall, you have to see the places where the poet wishes to put emphasis. That is why when scanning a poem you may find yourself suddenly understanding it.
In everyday life, nobody speaks or writes in perfect iambic rhythm, except at moments: “a HAM on RYE and HIT the
MUStard
HARD!” Poets don’t even write in iambic very long, although when they do, they have chosen iambic because it is the rhythm that most closely resemble everyday speech.
And even after this lengthy discussion of rhythm, it must be stated that most poems do not employ the same rhythm throughout. Variety in rhythm is not merely desirable, it is a necessity. If the beat of its words slips into a mechanical pattern, the poem marches robot-like right into its grave. Very few poets favor rhythms that go “a TROT a TROT a TROT a TROT” for very long. Robert Frost told an audience one time that if when writing a poem he found its rhythm becoming monotonous, he knew that the poem was going wrong and that he himself didn’t believe what it was saying.Slide61
METER
Pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables established in a line
Stressed syllable (‘) is the accented or long syllable
Unstressed (u) is unaccented or short syllable
Meter signifies both TYPE of pattern and NUMBER OF PATTERNSlide62
Poetic Foot
unit of meter (two or three syllables)Slide63
Iambic-
two syllable foot with stress on second syllable
Below; delight; a muse
A/ book /of /over/ seas/ un/
der
/
neath
/the/ bough
A /jug / of /wine/ a /loaf/ of /bread /–and /though/
AS OPPOSED TO-
Dou/
ble
, /
dou
/
ble
/ toil /and/
trou
/
ble
Fire/ burn/ and /
caul
/
dron
/
bub
/
ble
Slide64
Blank verse
is a type of poetry, distinguished by having a regular meter but no rhyme.
Like Shakespeare
Rhyme verse-
poetry that has an identifiable rhyme scheme
Free Verse- poetry with no meter or rhyme scheme; prose.