maltreatment By Beth Mayers and Kelly Thomas Parental Abuse of alcohol and other drugs Fetal Alcohol Spectrum disorder Facts and Statistics The estimated rate of alcohol use among pregnant women is ID: 458523
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Slide1
The relationship between substance abuse and child maltreatment By Beth Mayers and Kelly Thomas
Parental Abuse of alcohol
and other drugsSlide2
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum disorder Facts and Statistics
The estimated rate of alcohol use among pregnant women is
approximately
12%
(Pruett,
Hubbard,
Waterman, &
Caughey
, 2013
).
Approximately 53 % of women drink alcohol
(Pruett,
Hubbard,
Waterman, &
Caughey
, 2013
).
Many
women drink alcohol when they are unknowingly
pregnant,
exposing the fetus to alcohol
(Pruett,
Hubbard,
Waterman, &
Caughey
, 2013
).Slide3
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum disorder Facts and Statistics (cont.)
Alcohol
use at any time during pregnancy can negatively impact the fetus’s development. Development of the central nervous system takes place throughout
pregnancy. The
CNS is most vulnerable to teratogens
(a
substance that
causes birth
defects) during the first two thirds of
pregnancy
(
Southern New Jersey Perinatal Cooperative, 2013).Slide4
The Effects of Alcohol on the human fetusFetal exposure to alcohol can result in facial deformities, abnormal development of the central nervous system, abnormal growth and development, and learning disabilities
(Pruett,
Hubbard, Waterman
, &
Caughey
, 2013
).
These problems result in lifelong complications in cognitive, social, behavioral, and physical development
(Pruett,
Hubbard,
Waterman, &
Caughey
, 2013; Whitehurst, 2011).Slide5
Physical Abnormalities of FASD
Abnormal
facial features, such as a smooth ridge between the nose and upper lip (this ridge is called the
philtrum
)
Small head size
Shorter-than-average height
Low body weight
Poor coordination
Sleep and sucking problems as a babyVision or hearing problemsProblems with the heart, kidney, or bonesSlide6
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum disorder Facial Features
Did you know…
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder is the
ONLY
100% preventable birth defect?
Did you know…
Causing FASD in an infant is a form of child abuse?
Did you
know…
It
is a myth that one or two drinks per day are safe during
pregnancy?
There
is no safe amount
(Southern New Jersey Perinatal Cooperative, 2013).Slide7
Cognitive Effects of FASDInconsistent memory and recall
Inability to filter out environmental or emotional distractions and sensory stimuli
Slower, inconsistent cognitive and auditory processing
Decreased mental stamina
Difficulty interpreting, and applying abstract concepts (i.e. managing money & time)
Inability to control impulses
Inability to predict outcomes (as a result of their own or others' actions)
Difficulty changing modalities (i.e. shifting from one context to another)
Rigidity (unable to move on prior to completion)
Inability to see another person's perspectiveInability to recognize indirect social cuesSlide8
Social impact of fasdMental Health Disorders
Homelessness
Alcohol and Drug Addictions
Disrupted School Experience
Trouble with the Law, Incarceration
Inappropriate Sexual
Behavior
Problems with Employment
Dependent Living
Early DeathSlide9
But… using drugs while pregnant is worse than using Alcohol, Right?
Wrong.
Prenatal
use of alcohol is the only substance that has been proven to have irreversible effects
(Kelley, 2002
).Slide10
How can fathers help prevent FASD?
About 75% of children born with FASD have biological fathers who are heavy drinkers and alcoholics.
(Gearing, McNeill, & Lozier, 2005)
Mothers are not the only ones who can prevent FASD. The father’s role is also important in helping the woman abstain from drinking alcohol during pregnancy. He can encourage her abstinence from alcohol by avoiding social situations that involve drinking and by abstaining from alcohol himself. Slide11
The relationship between alcohol and child abuseChild
maltreatment can be defined as
“the
physical and emotional mistreatment, sexual abuse, neglect and negligent treatment of children, as well as
their
commercial or
other exploitation
”
(World Health Organization, 2006, p.7
).8.4 % of adults meet criteria for alcohol use disorders. Alcohol use is strongly linked to child maltreatment (Goldstein,
Henriksen
,
Davidov
, Kimber,
Pitre
, &
Afifi
, 2012
).
Substance
abuse is one of the leading problems in reported cases of child
maltreatment,
second only to poverty, and alcohol is cited as the leading substance of abuse
(Kelley, 2002).Slide12
How does substance use lead to an increased risk of child abuse?Substance
use can result in lower tolerance levels for frustration and an increase in the likelihood that a person will react with frustration in
an
angry manner
.
Substance use results in lowering of inhibitions and impulsive
behaviors.Slide13
How does substance use lead to an increased risk of child abuse?(Cont.)
Substance
use can interfere with good judgment and parenting
skills.
Using substances can cause a parent to focus primarily on getting the substance rather than focus on their
children. (Kelley, 2002).Slide14
Implications for Children of Substance Abusers (COSA)Alcoholism and drug abuse affects the entire family
Difficulty concentrating in school
Learning deficits
Increased physical and mental health problems
Increased risk of violence and all forms of abuse
COSAs
learn to:
Not feel
Not talk about what happens in their home
Not trustSlide15
SchoolChildren of addicts score lower on tests measuring verbal ability. Their ability to express themselves may be impaired, which can impede their school performance, peer relationships, ability to develop and sustain intimate relationships, and hamper performance on job interviews.
Children of addicts have greater difficulty with abstract and conceptual reasoning.
COSAs
are more likely to be truant, drop out of school, repeat grades, or be referred to a school counselor, or psychologist.Slide16
HealthParental alcoholism and other drug dependencies have an impact on children's early learning about alcohol and other drugs.Children of alcoholics (
COAs
)are four times more likely than non-
COAs
to develop alcoholism.
Inpatient substance abuse treatment admission rates for
COSAs
are triple that of other children.
Inpatient admission rates for mental disorders are almost double that of other children.Slide17
Health (continued)COSAs are at higher risk for disruptive behavioral problems and are more likely than non-
COSAs
to be sensation seeking, aggressive, and impulsive.
In general,
COSAs
appear to have lower self-esteem than non-
COSAs
in childhood, adolescence and young adulthood.
COSAs
exhibit elevated rates of psychopathology. Anxiety, depression, and externalizing behavior disorders are more common among COSAs than among children of non-addicts.Slide18
RelationshipsChildren of addicts are more likely than non-COSAs to marry into families in which alcoholism and/or drug use is prevalent.
Compared with non-addicted families, addicted families demonstrate poorer problem-solving abilities, both among the parents and within the family as a whole. These poor communication and problem-solving skills can lead to increased conflict which can quickly escalate into violence in addicted families.Slide19
Typical Child “roles” in a dsyfunctional family
The Hero – typically the oldest child
The Scapegoat – may be the second child
The Lost Child – may be the third child
The Family Mascot (or clown) – may be youngest childSlide20
The HEroDoes well in schoolInvolved in many activities
Seems very mature/responsible for their age
Helpful at home
Teacher’s pet
Inwardly, the hero feels:
Inadequate/Never good enough
Scared, guilty, lonelySlide21
The ScapegoatOften fails in schoolAngry/Puts on a tough front
Always getting into trouble
Early substance abuse
If female, may become pregnant
Inwardly, the scapegoat feels:
Left out of family
Like a misfit
Needs attention but can't ask for it
Lonely, guilty, hurtSlide22
The lost childQuiet, shy, often goes unnoticedLoner/ill at ease with others
Often retreats into books, music or
tv
Often an animal lover
Inwardly, the lost child feels:
Different
Like an outsider
Low self worth
ForgottenSlide23
Family MascotTypically a class clown/Disruptive in schoolHappy-go-lucky
Energetic
Keeps focus on self
Inwardly, the mascot feels:
Fearful/Anxious (sees something is wrong but no one acknowledges it)
Confused/In the dark
May feel crazySlide24
You can help Cosa to:Develop autonomy and independence
Develop a strong social orientation and social skills
Engage in acts of "required helpfulness"
Develop a close bond with a care-giver
Cope successfully with emotionally hazardous experiences
Perceive their experiences constructively, even if those experiences cause pain or suffering, and gain, early in life, other people's positive attention
Develop day-to-day coping strategiesSlide25
Teach children The 7 csSlide26
Help stop the cycle of child abuse
Experiencing
a history of child abuse
increases
the risk of a person abusing substances into adulthood for both males and females
(Kelley, 2002
).
Parental healthy choices now can lessen the likelihood our children will abuse substances as they get older.
Less substance use = less child abuse = less substance abuse.Slide27
Resources
Alcoholics Anonymous -
www.aasj.org
or call 856-486-4444
211-
www.nj211.org
or call 211
211 is a resource for callers to find varying types of assistance, including alcohol and drug treatment.
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) - www.nida.nih.gov
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) -
www.nida.nih.gov
Southern New Jersey Perinatal Cooperative -
www.snjpc.org
856-665-6000
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) -
www.samhas.gov
National Association of Children of Alcoholics -
www.nacoa.org
A support group for children of alcoholics.
Parents Anonymous -
www.pa-of-nj.org
A support group for parents.
Women for Sobriety -
www.womenforsobriety.org
or call (215) 536-8026
A support group for women looking to get sober.Slide28
ReferencesGoldstein, A.L.,
Henriksen
, C.A.,
Davidov
, D.M., Kimber, M.,
Pitre
, N.Y., &
Afifi
, T.O. (2013). Childhood maltreatment, alcohol use disorders, and treatment utilization in a national sample of emerging adults.
Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 74(2), 185-194.Kelley, S.J. (2002). Chapter 5 Child maltreatment in the context of substance abuse. In J.E.B. Myers, L. Berliner, J. Briere, C.T. Hendrix, C. Jenny & T.A. Reid (Eds.), The APSAC handbook on child mistreatment (2
nd
ed.) (pp. 105-117) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc.
National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2013). Statistics and trends. Retrieved from
http://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/alcohol
Pruett, D., Hubbard Waterman, E., &
Caughey
, A.B. (2013). Fetal alcohol exposure: Consequences, diagnosis, and treatment.
Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey, 68
(1), 62-69.Slide29
References ContinuedSouthern New Jersey Perinatal Cooperative. (2013). Substance use during pregnancy: FAS/FASD
[PowerPoint Slides].
Whitehurst, T. (2011). Raising a child with fetal alcohol syndrome: Hearing the parent voice.
British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 40,
187-193.
doi
: 10.1111/j.1468-3156.2011.00692.x
World Health Organization. (2006).
Preventing child maltreatment: A guide to taking action and generating evidence.
Geneva, Switzerland: Author. Retrieved from http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241594365_eng.pdf Gearing, R., McNeill, T. & Lozier, F. (2005). Father involvement and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: Developing best practices.
The hospital for sick children, department of social work.
1-11. Toronto, OntarioSlide30
Contact informationBeth Mayers, BA, CPS, SAC
Prevention Plus
BethMayers@prevplus.org
For more information on substance abuse prevention and education, please contact the Burlington County Healthy Communities Coalition at: 609-261-0001.
April, 2014