Tuesday, November 18 th Turn in homework – Age of Jackson vocab - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Tuesday, November 18th

Turn in homework – Age of Jackson vocab

Test review quiz

The Age of Jackson

Identify the key players in the election of 1824 and its aftermath including the formation of new parties

The change which resulted in Jackson’s victory in the 1828 election

Identify the significant events of the Presidency of Andrew Jackson including the Trail of Tears

Election of 1828 worksheetSlide2

Election of Andrew Jackson

The Age of JacksonSlide3

Passing of the Torch

On July 4, 1826 both Thomas Jefferson and John Adams died

During this period, the Founding Fathers who had worked to create and guide the nation passed away

Left a political void which was hard to fill; a new generation of leaders was needed

When Jefferson and Adams died, John Quincy Adams (J.Q.A) was in his first term as President

Not very effective or popular

His chief political opponent was Andrew JacksonSlide4

Election of 1824

Election was to succeed James Monroe, last Founding Father to serve as President

Election of 1824 between Jackson and J.Q.A was almost even bitter than the election in 1800

Jackson won the majority of the popular vote but failed to win a majority of the electoral votes

Went before the

H.o.R

. since neither Jackson or Adams received the necessary electoral votes

Jackson was the first President from the West Slide5

Henry Clay and the Election

During this period the most powerful individual in the

H.o.R

. was Henry Clay, Speaker of the House

Clay had actually run for President in the election but finished fourth

Clay disliked Jackson and mistrusted his lack of political experience

Said that Jackson’s service in the War of 1812 did not qualify him for the complexities of being President

Clay endorsed J.Q.A for President because he felt Adams would be more sympathetic to his beliefs

Adams supported Clay’s American System Slide6

Aftermath of the Election

Even with the election over with, it did not stop the fighting

Jackson’s supporters, or

Jacksonians

,

accused J.Q.A of stealing the presidency

The

Jacksonians

received additional fuel when Adams appointed Clay as Secretary of State which they called a corrupt bargain

The bitterness of the election would set the tone for the rest of J.Q.A’s Presidency as well as Jackson’s eventual PresidencySlide7

New Parties

By 1824 the old Democratic-Republican Party was near collapse

The election sealed the deal as the Dem.-Rep. vote was split four ways among the candidates

Two new parties came out of the electionSlide8

National Republicans

F

ollowed

Adams and Clay and

Created

to oppose the possibility of Jackson becoming President

Focused on the American System

:

I

nternal improvements

Supported tariffs

and manufacturing

Supported nationalism

S

trong

national government Slide9

Democrats

F

ollowed

Jackson and Martin

Van Buren

C

reated

in response to Adams “stealing” of the presidency

Focused

on:

An

agriculture economy, and opposed

tariffs

Weak federal government Slide10

Election of 1828

Throughout Adams presidency, most states relaxed voting requirement rules which dramatically increased the number of people eligible to vote

No longer had to own property in order to vote in most states

Jackson was quick to capitalize on the change

Characterized Adams as an intellectual elite who was not in touch with the common people

Showed himself as a humble, common man

Born to first-generation immigrants on the Western frontier

First President since Washington not to have a college degree

Jackson won the election by a landslide by connecting with the people and a record number of people came to Washington to see him inaugurated Slide11

Andrew JacksonSlide12

Andrew Jackson

Had a notorious temper

Observers likened him to a volcano, and only the most intrepid or recklessly curious cared to see it erupt....

typically

followed by his own vow to hang the villain or blow him to perdition. Given his record – in duels, brawls, mutiny trials, and summary hearings – listeners had to take his vows seriously

.

Had two regrets from his presidency, that he “had

been unable to shoot Henry Clay or to hang John C.

Calhoun”

Got in a disagreement with Charles Dickinson who had insulted Jackson wife and refused to honor bets made at a horse track

The two met in May 1806 in Kentucky to settle the dispute in a duel

Dickinson shot Jackson in the chest, inches form his heart, Jackson then shot Dickinson in the chest and Dickinson bled to death

Jackson suffered medical conditions because of the bullet for the rest of his lifeSlide13

President Jackson

Announced his appointees would only serve four years

Believed without turnover of people, the government would become corrupt and ineffective

Coincided with public corruption investigations into all executive offices

Instituted a spoils system

Removed nearly ten percent of the federal employees, most from Adams’ administration

Replaced them with loyal

Jacksonians

Ironically, may have brought in more corruption to the

gov.

Slide14

Assassination AttemptSlide15

Events of Jackson’s Presidency

Jackson’s Presidency is known for four significant events:

Indian removal

Nullification crisis

National bank controversy

Panic of 1837Slide16

Jackson and Native Americans

During the period there were two attitudes towards Native Americans

Wanted to displace Native Americans from their land and move them out West

Wanted to assimilate them into the American culture (conversion to Christianity)

Jackson believed that assimilation could not work; only effective policy was to move Native Americans out West to avoid confrontation with white settlers Slide17

Indian Removal Act

Under Jackson’s direction, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830 which authorized the President to negotiate treaties with Indians which gave them territory beyond the Mississippi River in exchange for their lands in the East

Jackson said of the Act that it was “not only liberal, but generous”

Based on his view that state governments should have the right to govern within their territory

In several cases, Jackson used federal troops to force non-compliant Native Americans off the land

Included Choctaw, Sauk, Fox,

Chicksaw

, and Cherokee Slide18

Cherokee Fights Back

The Cherokee fought back through the legal system

Marshall refused to hear the first case because Native Americans were not citizens nor foreigners but “domestic dependent nation”

An American named Samuel

Worcestor

sued on behalf of the Cherokee

Had been a missionary living among the Cherokee but had been arrested for violating a Georgia law which prohibited white missionaries from living on Cherokee land Slide19

Worcester vs. Georgia

In

Worcester vs. Georgia

, the Supreme Court recognized that the Cherokee were a distinct community

Georgia did not have the authority to regulate the Cherokee or invade their lands

Jackson refused to honor the ruling saying, “John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it”

Many Cherokee wanted to continue to fight but many began to favor relocation

Gov. recognized those Cherokee and signed a treaty with them which gave them land and 5 million dollars in exchange for their land Slide20

The Trail of Tears

Involved most of the tribes in the East

Choctaw in 1831

Seminole in 1832

Creek in 1834

Chicksaw

in 1837

Cherokee in 1838

The Cherokee began the trail in October of 1838

Jackson specifically ordered that the tribes travel over land and not water; wanted t0 punish the tribes

46,000 Native Americans were forced from their ancestral land and homesSlide21

Map of the Trail of TearsSlide22

Nu na da ul tsun

yi

(

The Place Where They Cried

)

Along the way government officials stole their money, majority of their livestock was stolen

Of the 17,000 Cherokee which started the trail,

approximately 4,000-

6,00 died along the way

“I fought through the War Between the States and have seen many men shot, but the Cherokee Removal was the cruelest work I ever knew.”

Had to wait to cross the Ohio River by ferry and took shelter under a nearby bluff because of the cold

Many died due to the weather; others were murdered by locals

Those locals then sued the government for $35 a head because they had to bury the dead CherokeeSlide23

Thursday, November 20th

Take daily quiz

Lesson on states’ rights and the national bank

Identify the significance of the nullification crisis and he the fight over the second B.U.S

Understand the broader fight over states’ rights

Work on Rest in Peace Andrew Jackson worksheetSlide24

Daily Quiz

What was Jackson’s reaction to

Worcester vs. Georgia

?

Following the election of 1824, what was the corrupt bargain?

What change occurred which allowed more men to vote?

What were the two new parties which came out of the election of 1824?

What was Jackson’s position on Native Americans? Slide25

States’ Rights and the National BankSlide26

Tariff Raises the Issue of States’ Rights

The Tariff of 1816 was passed with Southern support in part because the tariff rate would decrease over time

Over time however, the South had gotten fed up with having to pay more for northern manufactured goods and believed the North was getting rich at their expense

Issue came to a head in 1824 and 1828 when Congress passed additional tariffs which raised the tariff rates Slide27

Issue of the Tariff

Highest tariff on imported goods up to that point

South believed that the North was getting rich at the expense of the South

Called a “tariff of abomination” by John C. Calhoun Slide28

The Nullification Theory

John C. Calhoun served as Vice-President for both Adams and Jackson

Initially supported tariffs because they protected American manufacturing

His home state of South Carolina was in a economic depression because of the low cotton prices and many there wondered if Calhoun still supported them

In response Calhoun brought up the Nullification Theory

Questioned the legality of federal laws being applied to sovereign states

Viewed the Constitution as a compact between the states; therefore states could nullify, or reject, a law they viewed as unconstitutional

If the federal

gov.

did not recognize a states right to nullify a federal law, that state had the right to leave the UnionSlide29

Webster-Hayne Debate on States’ Rights

Took place between Senator Robert Haynes of South Carolina and Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts

Highlighted the division in the country over the issue of secession and nullification

Considered one of the greatest debates in American history

Took place at a party

When asked his opinion, Jackson said “our union it must be preserved” Slide30

Peggy Eaton Affair (Real Housewives of the 1800s)

Peggy Eaton was the wife of the Secretary of State

Kept getting snubbed by the wives of the other cabinet members; especially Calhoun’s wife

Jackson demands that the cabinet make their wives apologize to Peggy

Jackson saw similarity in how his wife had been treated by the public

Begins tossing out members of the cabinet loyal to Calhoun

Serves as a warning if they do not apologizeSlide31

The Nullification Crisis

In 1832 Congress passed the Tariff of 1832 which raised the rates again

Outraged S.C. legislators declared that the tariffs were unconstitutional and if any attempt was made by the

gov.

to collect duties then S.C. would secede from the Union

The Nullification Convention which nullified the tariffs and said it would secede if force was used against the state

Jackson, though a Southerner, believed that the declaring a law unconstitutional flouted the will of the Constitution and such an act would be treasonous

Persuaded Congress to pass the Force Bill, authorizing the use of force against S.C. or any state if it resisted paying duties under the tariffsSlide32

The Compromise

Confrontation seemed inevitable until Clay came up with the Compromise Tariff of 1833 which

would decrease

tariff rates

over

the next ten

years

Both sides were able to claim victory with the agreement

S.C. held the Nullification Convention repealing ordinance nullifying the tariffs and, symbolically, nullified the Force Bill

For now, a crisis had been

averted

“The

tariff was only a pretext, and disunion and southern confederacy the real object. The next pretext will be the negro,

or slavery

 question

.“ Andrew JacksonSlide33

The National Bank

During the crisis with S.C., Jackson was engaged in another battle over the National Bank

While the charter of the bank was not supposed to expire until 1836, Clay and Webster introduced legislation to renew the charter early to make it a campaign issue

Hoped that Jackson would lose political support over a fight with the bank and he would not be reelected

Underestimated Jackson’s political skillSlide34

Fight for the Bank

Jackson vetoed the charter for the National Bank to be renewed; cast the bank as an elitist institution

The bank earned interest on taxes deposited there which it distributed to wealthy individuals, not the entire population

The bank gave extremely low loans to Congressmen which were not available to ordinary Americans

“The bank is trying to kill me but I will kill it!” Slide35

King Andrew the FirstSlide36

Jackson’s Reelection

After Jackson was reelected in 1832, he told the Secretary of the Treasury to put all government funds in specific state banks

Called “pet banks” because they were loyal to the Democratic Party

The National Bank President tried to call in all loans owed but it backfired on

him

Bank lost support from businesses and individuals

Charter expired in 1836 and the National Bank became private; went bankrupt five years laterSlide37

Opposition Unites: The Whig Party

Main individuals included Henry Clay, John Q. Adams, and Daniel Webster

Backed the ideals of the American System

Strong federal government including control of the banking system and a national currency

Supported tariffs

Attracted individuals from the Democratic

P

arty who were angry at Jackson’s leadership style Slide38

Martin Van Buren

Jackson announced that he would not run for a third term and instead endorsed his V.P., Van Buren

Van Buren easily won the 1837 election

The newly formed Whig Party was not able to agree on one candidate and ran three candidates against Van Buren

Jackson’s endorsement also was significant in helping Van Buren win the election

Quickly had to deal with Jackson’s legacySlide39

Jackson’s Financial Legacy

When Jackson put federal money into friendly state banks, those banks began to widely print bank notes which could be redeemed for gold or silver

People would take this useless currency to buy land from the federal government meaning the government was stuck with it

Jackson announced on August 15, 1836 that only gold or silver could be used to purchase federal land

Caused people to rush the banks to redeem their bank notes for gold or silver to purchase land

Banks did not have enough silver or gold to cover the bank notesSlide40

Panic of 1837

By May 1837, situation had gotten much worse

New York banks stopped accepting paper currency and other banks quickly followed suit

Became known as the Panic of 1837

Banking system collapsed

Wiped out the savings of Americans and bankrupted hundreds of businesses

More than a third of the population was unemployed

Van Buren tried to help by reducing federal government spending but only made the situation worseSlide41

Election of 1840

Van Buren was increasingly unpopular for being unable to stop the economic crisis

The Whig Party took advantage by nominating William Henry Harrison for President

Portrayed Van Buren as a privileged aristocrat and Harrison as a common man

Campaigned on Harrison’s fame from the War of 1812

Created a campaign song called “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too”

Log Cabin Campaign – meant to show Harrison as a common manSlide42

Monday, November 24th

Turn in homework

Take survey

Take daily quiz

Watch

The Abolitionists

Slide43

Daily Quiz

What was the name of the theory in which states could strike down federal laws they deemed unconstitutional?

Who settled the Nullification Issue?

Who was the Whig Party formed in opposition to?

What was the campaign slogan for Harrison during the election of 1840?

What was Jackson’s financial legacy? Slide44

Monday, December 1st

Lesson on Women and Reform and the Second Great Awakening

Review for test

Start study guideSlide45

Women and ReformSlide46

Women’s Roles

Customs demanded that Women restrict their activities to their home and family

Housework and caring for children were considered the only proper activities; became known as the cult of domesticity

Women could not vote or serve on juries

When a women married, any property she owned went to her husband and lacked guardianship over children Slide47

Mobilizing for Reform

Women started becoming more politically active during the

mid-1800s

during the Abolition MovementSlide48

The Movements

Temperance Movement: recognized drunkenness was a serious problem and attempted to ban alcohol

Education Movement: campaigned

for greater education opportunities for women

Brought along more women into the field of medicine

The Suffrage Movement: get women the right to vote

Part of Seneca Falls Convention Slide49

Seneca Falls Convention

Held in Seneca Falls, New York from July 19-20, 1848

First national convention on women’s rights

Covered many issues regarding women’s rights but the most controversial was achieving the right to vote

The convention issued the Declaration of Sentiments

Based upon the Declaration of Independence Slide50

Second Great Awakening

Started in the 1830s because of the overall era of reforms and swept across the country

Started with preachers wanting to spread the word of personal salvation through religious activism, or evangelism

Rejected the Calvinistic belief that your life, and where you ended up, was preordained

Core belief was that your actions determined whether or not you were going to heaven or hell

Insisted that people could improve themselves and society

Abolitionists, women’s reform movementsSlide51

Spread of the Message

The message promoted by the Second Great Awakening was similar to

Jacksonian

democracy

Focused on the power of the common citizen and their responsibilities

Belief in a “democratic” God

Delivered the messages in large forums

Could draw 20,000 or more people

Were very dramatic Slide52

The ForumsSlide53

Stump Speaking Slide54

Wednesday, December 3rd

Turn in study guide

Take test on

Age of Jackson and Reform

Work on vocab for

Expansion and Build up to the Civil War