SUPREME COURT CASES I The Marshall Court and the Limits of Federalism Marbury v Madison 1803 Judicial Review The Engine that Drives the Court McCulloch v Maryland 1819 States v the Fed The Power To Tax is the Power to Destroy ID: 759214
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Slide1
APUSH REVIEW
THE MONSTER COMETH
Slide2SUPREME COURT CASES
I. The Marshall Court and the Limits of Federalism
Marbury v. Madison
,
1803
Judicial Review: The Engine that Drives the Court
McCulloch v. Maryland
,
1819
States v the Fed; “The Power To Tax is the Power to Destroy”
Gibbons v. Ogden
,
1824
Interstate Commerce: regulatory property of the Fed
Worcester v. Georgia
,
1832
Fed control over states re Indian Matters
Slide3II. Racial Issue/Civil Rights
Dred Scott v. Sandford
,
1857
Legal status of slaves: “A slave has no rights that a white man is bound to respect.”
Voids slavery compromises; reaffirms Fed right over state
Will be overturned by 14
th
Amendment
Plessey v. Ferguson
,
1896
Legalizes segregation; doctrine of separate but equal
Fails to define “equal”
Brown v. Board of Education
,
1954
Desegregates public schools; “segregation is inherently unequal”
Overturns
Plessy v Ferguson
Slide4III. Constitutional Challenges; Civil Liberties
Munn v. Illinois
,
1876
States can regulate interstate commerce if concern is “bathed in the public interest.”
Granger Law, sought to combat RR monopoly
Wabash v. Illinois
,
1886
Upholds
Gibbons v Ogden
, overturns
Munn
ruling
Reflects changed demographic of Court since 1876
Munn
ruling
Hammer v Dagenhart
1916
Denied Congress the right to regulate child labor on basis of interstate commerce; ; delegated to states
Overturned child labor provision of Keating Owens Act
(
1916)
Schenck v. United States
, 1919
Limits on free speech, not protected if speech presents “clear and present danger”
Gideon v. Wainwright
,
1963
States must provide defendants with legal representation if they cannot afford one; protected under 6
th
Amendment
Slide5Griswold v Connecticut,
1965
Claimed state bans on the use of contraception to prevent pregnancy unconstitutional, violates right to “marital privacy”
“Privacy” defined as protected under 14
th
Amendment due process clause
Miranda
v. Arizona
, 1966
Individuals under arrest must be advised of constitutional rights, aka Miranda
Rights
Roe
v. Wade
, 1973
Abortion legalized as constitutional protection of a woman’s right to
privacy as defined under 14
th
Amendment
Right to privacy precedent 1965
Griswold v Connecticut
US V New York Times
, 1970
Defines freedom of press as extending to confidential material; Pentagon Papers
US v Nixon
, 1974
Disallows executive privilege as protection from subpoena; Nixon tapes
Slide6COMPROMISES
Necessitated
by
factionalism:
“As long as men have the liberty to develop thought opposite passions will emerge . . . the republican form disallows the dominance of extreme in favor of the healthy medium to the benefit of society.”
James Madison
,
Federalist 10
Slide7Constitutional Convention
Great
Compromise (1789)
Large (population) v small (equality) state representation dilemma
Bicameral legislature:
House of Representatives: Lower, popularly elected, population
Senate: Upper, chosen elite, equality
3/5 Compromise (1789)
Equalizing representation in House: Slaves
Southern demand to offset northern population growth
Slave Trade
Compromise (1789)
Northern price for 3/5 Compromise
Atlantic slave trade ended by 1808
Anticipated end of slavery due to economic
inefficiendy
Slide8II. Slavery
Missouri Compromise 1820: Louisiana Purchase
Missouri slave, Maine free
36°30´ Slave border
Slavery: factor
in with state admission
S
pread
of
slavery; Jefferson’s
“
firebell
in the night.”
Compromise 1850: Mexican Cession
California free, Texas remains slave,
Extend 36°30´ to California; Utah (above)/New Mexico (below) by virtue of popular sovereignty
Slave trade outlawed in DC
Fugitive Slave Act
Slide9III. Sectional Issues
Compromise 1832:
Settled Tariff 1828 Nullification Crisis
Jackson backs off Force Bill, Congress lowers tariff rate
SC backs off secession/nullification threat
Crittenden Compromise 1860
Free
Soiler
amendment
attempt to avert Civil War
Slavery constitutionally protected in states where currently existed
Reinstates 36°30´ (
Dred Scott
); slavery not allowed in territories/states north of line
South of line; determined by state constitutions
Slide10IV. Political/Racial
Compromise 1877
Settled electoral vote controversy Election 1876
GOP Hayes wins presidency
Hayes agrees to end military reconstruction
Will usher in period of:
Return South to home rule of the Bourbons
Usher in Black Codes/Jim Crow discrimination
Atlanta Compromise 1895
Booker T Washington on racial equality
Blacks must compromise dignity with racism until establish acceptable social/economic status
Derided by WEB DuBois as accommodations policy
Slide11Territorial
Expansion
British Colonies 1607-1776
American Revolution 1786
Louisiana
Purchase, 1803
Florida (Adams-Onis Treaty) 1819
Oregon, 1846
Annexation of
Texas,
1845
Mexican Cession, 1848
Gadsden Purchase
, 1858
Slide12Slide13THE AMERICAN POLITICAL CULTURE
Changing Demographics and Capricious Philosophies
Genesis: Reaction to British colonial policy versus North American colonial economic and political independence (Salutary Neglect)
Factions:
Government
presence and direction to ensure
collective
liberty (Hamiltonian)
Individual
(states) liberty
without government
intrusion
(Jeffersonian)
Philosophical Basis for the American Political System
Factionalism; interaction between factions inherent in free society
Necessity of compromise to maintain factional equilibrium
Slide14THE FEDERAL PERIOD 1789-1816
FEDERALISTSHamiltonianPrimacy of national government over the statesLiberty through collectivismPro-BusinessNorthFederal SystemPro-British
DEM-REPUBLICANS
Jeffersonian
Primacy of state governments over national
Liberty through individualism (states)
Pro-Agriculture
South, West
States’ Rights; 10
th
Amendment
Pro-France
Slide15ERA OF GOOD FEELING 1816-1824
DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICANS
Hartford Convention
Compromise Agenda (
Politics of Necessity)
National Bank
Protective Tariff
1816
Factions:
Conservatives (Federalist remnants)
Moderates (Jeffersonians)
Liberals (The West, Jackson)
NOTE: Existence of factions indicates institutional weakness; dependent upon effectiveness of compromise
Slide16JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY 1828-1852
DEMOCRATSJacksonianExpansion of DemocracyBasic Jeffersonian PhilosophyAnti-American System b/c intrusion of the federal government upon the statesPro-expansion w/slaveryState’s rights, but NOT at the expense of union (Jackson)
WHIGS
Henry Clay
Conservative Faction of Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans
More anti-Jackson than anything else
Henry Clay, American System (Hamiltonian)
Federalist philosophy
Non-committal on expansion /slavery debate
Slide17CIVIL WAR/RECONSTRUCTION 1852-1876
DEMOCRATSParty of the SouthStates’ Rights (non-compromising)NullificationFederal (const.) protection of slaveryPro-expansion w/slavery; pro-popular sovereigntyRecon: Party of Bourbons; the New South; Home Rule
REPUBLICANS
Former Whigs
Lincoln: Clay protégée
Free Soil agenda
Open to compromise (1850, Crittenden)
Recon: Triumph of the Radicals; GOP Dominant
13
th
, 14
th
, 15
th
Amendments: Why?
Military Recon Act
Slide18THE GILDED AGE 1876-1900
DEMOCRATSConstituency weakened by warSouthern Bourbon RedeemersThree R’s:Rum (pro-immigration)Romanism (pro-Catholic)Rebellion (pro-South)Agrarian Discontent1896: Populism/ProgressivismSoft money: Silver, BimetallismAnti-tariffReformAnti-imperialism
REPUBLICANS
Dominant Party
Big Business
Laissez faire
economic policy
American System
High protective tariff
Privatized social programs; philanthropy
Social Darwinism
Hard money: Gold
Pro-imperialism
Slide19RISE AND FALL OF THE PROGRESSIVES1900-1932
DEMOCRATSWilsonian ProgressivismFederal ReserveLimited (women, race issues)Wilsonian Internationalism14 PointsLeague of NationsWar weakens party, discredits Progressivism
REPUBLICANS
Factionalized:
Stalwart (Status Quo)
Half-Breed (Reform
)
TR (Half-Breed)
Taft (Stalwart; Payne-Aldrich)
Post War Reemergence:
Isolation
Return to Normalcy
Volunteerism
Supply Side Economics, tax cuts, (Andrew Mellon)
Slide20THE NEW DEAL COALITION; WWII 1932-1945
DEMOCRATSRevitalized due to radical nature of the New DealDominant after election 1932Constituency grows (African Americans)Change: Dr. New Deal to Dr. Win the WarWar damages solidarity of New Deal CoalitionRadical nature only holds legitimacy during DepressionYalta damages legitimacy
REPUBLICANS
Weakened 1932-1940 due to Hoover legacy
Post-war reemergence:
Conservatism regarded as patriotic
New Deal seen as socialistic, subversive (Alger Hiss)
Prosperity, victory dilutes legitimacy of the New Deal
Slide21COLD WAR AMERICA 1945-1980:AMERICAN SOCIETY V AMERICAN SECURITY
DemocratsSuffer from association with New DealDefensive, reactiveBalance social programs with defense spendingThe Fair DealThe New FrontierThe Great Society and VietnamCivil RightsThe Great SocietyCarter’s human rights agenda
Republicans
National security job 1
Dominant in 1950s due to Red Scare
Party of conformity
Increased military spending; aggressive foreign policy (Ike)
Military Industrial Complex
The
Dixiecrats
NOTE: Growing distinction b/t conservatives and liberals
(immigration, social
programs, foreign policy,
economic equality)
Slide22REPUBLICAN RESURGENCE1980-1992
DEMOCRATSHurt by Carter’s New Deal-style liberalismContinued devotion to liberal idealism will continue to hurtBy 1990 adopting more moderate agenda (Clinton)Cut fed spending by streamlining bureaucracyIncrease taxes on the wealthyEmbraced Reagan de-regulation policies
REPUBLICANS
The Reagan Revolution
Largest political demographic shift since FDR
Most distinct presidency since FDR
Tame inflation; increase defense budget
Ended Cold War (Bush)
Lost foreign policy advantage to Clinton 1992 (“It’s the economy, stupid”)
Slide23The Millennium 2000-2008
Republicans1990s Hi tech/internet speculation/failures leads to recessionBush tax cuts; lowered federal revenueNo Child Left Behind9/11; Katrina; War on TerrorSS privatization threatHousing bubble; subprime crisis: The Great RecessionTrump de-regulation (ExO)Tax cuts, trickle down
Democrats
Stimulus package: Am Recovery Reinvestment Act (Similarity to 1930 RFC)
Regulation through executive order (banking; Stock Market)
Obama Doctrine: Vacuum in Iraq filled by ISIS
Affordable Care Act (Obamacare)
Controversy?
Mandates
Funding through increased Medicare taxes
Slide24African American History
Colonial America
First Africans brought to Virginia, 1619
Massachusetts: first colony to legalize slavery, 1641 (slavery legal in all colonies by 1700s)
Georgia: only original colony to forbid slavery in charter; will rescind in 1735
Late
1700s
Constitutional Convention, 1787
Three-Fifths Compromise
Slave Trade Compromise
Cotton gin helped make slavery profitable, 1793
Toussaint L’Ouverture rebellion in Haiti led to stronger Slave Codes in the US, 1797
Slide25Early
1800s
African
slave trade outlawed, 1808
Slave
population increased due to increase in native born population
Majority
of white southerners owned no slaves
Denmark
Vesey’s failed rebellion, 1822
Nat
Turner’s rebellion, 1831
Abolition: American Anti-Slavery Society
William
Lloyd Garrison,
The Liberator
Frederick
Douglass,
The North Star
Sojourner
Truth
American
Colonization Society
Slide26Civil War and Reconstruction
Dred
Scott v. Sandford
, 1857
Emancipation Proclamation, 1863
13th Amendment
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Black Codes
Sharecropping, Crop Liens
Northern troops pulled out of the South (Compromise 1877)
Late 1800s
Black Codes
:
Voting rights taken away from African Americans after Reconstruction
Jim Crow laws adopted by southern states, 1876-1965
Booker T. Washington and the Atlanta Compromise, 1895
WEB Dubois, ceaseless agitation, criticism of Washington’s
accommodationist
policy
Plessey v. Ferguson
, 1896
Slide27Early
1900s
DuBois
and the Niagara Movement,
1905
Later National
Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 1909
Birth
of a Nation
, 1915
The
Great
Migration
Harlem
Renaissance and the New Negro, 1920s
Marcus Garvey: Black Nationalism (Back to Africa Movement)
Slide28Civil
Rights Movement, 1954-1968
1950s
Brown
v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
,
1954; Thurgood
M
arshall
Rosa Parks, Montgomery
Bus Boycott,
1955-56
Martin Luther King Jr; Southern
Christian Leadership Conference
(
SCLC)
Integration
of Little Rock High School, 1957
Civil
Rights Act of
1957: commission
to investigate
discrimination
1960s
Student
Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC); sit-ins at Greensboro, NC,
lunch
counter, 1960
1961: Congress
of Racial Equality (CORE) and the Freedom
Riders
March
on
Washington
, 1963
Civil
Rights Act of
1964; Civil Rights Act of 1965
March on Selma, 1965
SNCC fracture:
Bobby Seale, Huey Newton, Black Panthers founded, 1965
Elijah Muhamad, Nation of Islam, Malcolm
X assassinated, 1965
Days of Rage Riots
,
1965-69
Martin
Luther King assassinated, 1968
Slide29Religion
1600s
and 1700s
Southern Colonies: Anglican; emphasis on profit
New
England Puritans
(Mass Bay)
Calvinist: predestination
,
both
church and
state serve God
John
Winthrop, the “City upon a Hill
” ethos; Congregationalists
Halfway
Covenant
Dissent:
Roger Williams
The Heresy of Anne Hutchinson
Thomas Hooker
Salem
Witch Trials, 1692
First
Great Awakening, 1730s-1760s:
The Antinomian Revolution
human
sinfulness leads to eternal damnation unless humans surrender to God and accept
Jesus
Emotion
is more important than
intellect
Schism
in Congregationalist Church, plurality of the religion
Two
methods:
Jonathan
Edwards: “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry
God”
George
Whitefield: Evangelical
Slide30William
Penn
Pennsylvania, 1681
Society of Friends (Quakers)
Catholic
Maryland Act of Toleration
Deism
Rose from
Enlightenment philosophy
Jefferson, Franklin
1800s
Second Great Awakening, early 1800s
Reform movements (temperance, abolition, asylum/prisons)
Directed by
women . . . Why?
Charles Grandison Finney and the Burned Over District
Utopian Socialism (Brooke Farm, Oneida Community, New Harmony)
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Mormons)
Slide31Religious aspects of abolition
Part of basis for Manifest Destiny
Josiah
Strong,
Our Country
, 1885
Social
Gospel, late 1800s and early 1900s
Christian
desire to improve the world through
charity
Jane Addams, Hull House
1900s
• Fundamentalism vs. Modernism
Scopes
trial,
1925
Christianity as bulwark against Communism, 1950s
Rise
of the Religious Right,
1970s-2000s
Jerry
Falwell (Moral Majority)
Slide32Economic History of the United
States
Economic Terms
•
mercantilism
•
laissez faire
•
tariff/import duty
•
recession (depression
) unemployment key factor
•
recovery (prosperity)
•
inflation
(expand money supply; value of money drops)
•
deflation
(restrict money supply; value of money rises)
•
specie
•
supply and demand
1607-1776
•
Jamestown and the
Virginia (aka) London
Company, 1607
•
Triangular
Trade (Middle Passage)
•
Salutary Neglect
Navigation
Acts
•
American Revolution
Sugar
Act, 1764
Stamp
Act, 1765-66
Declaratory
Act, 1766
Townshend
Acts, 1767
Slide331776-1840
•
Economic problems stemming from the Articles of Confederation, 1787-1789
•
Shay’s rebellion, 1786-87
•
Alexander Hamilton’s financial program
assume
state debts and fund the national debt at par
sale
of western land
excise
tax
Revenue
from tariff
‣
First Bank of the United States, 1781-1811
•
Economic Warfare (
Jefferson/Madison)
Embargo
of
1807
Non-Intercourse Act
•
Henry Clay’s American System, 1815
Second
Bank of the United States, 1816-1836
First
protective
tariff,
1816
internal
improvements at federal expense
(Maysville
Road
Veto)
Panic 1819
•
South Carolina Tariff Crisis,
1832-33 (Nullification Crisis)
•
Destruction of the Bank of the United States, 1833 (Jackson Hated the Bank!)
•
Panic of
1837 (pet banks, Specie Circular)
•
Independent Treasury System,
1840 (Van Buren)
Slide34The Civil War (showed effects of industrial v. agrarian economies)
Union: First income Tax (temporary)
CSA: paper money backed by cotton futures
The Gilded Age
problems: monopolies, uneven distribution of wealth, crime, corruption, urban overcrowding
‣
trusts and monopolies
‣
J.P. Morgan, Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller,
Jay
Gould, Cornelius Vanderbilt
•
Growth of labor unions
collective
bargaining
Knights
of Labor,
1869
Haymarket
Square
Riot 1886
American
Federation of Labor founded (founded by Samuel Gompers), 1886
Homestead
Strike, 1892
Pullman
Strike (led by Eugene Debs), 1894
•
Farmers
‣
problems for farmers: railroad monopolies, high tariffs,
deflation, peripheral fees
Grange
,
Farmer’s Alliances
Populist
Party, 1889
•
Monetary policy
(hard v soft)
Greenback
Party
Crime
of ʼ73 (Panic of 1873). Grant takes US off of bimettalicism, on the Gold Standard
Bland-Allison
Act of 1878 and the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890
‣
Panic of 1893 (caused by the McKinley Tariff, railroad overbuilding and speculation)
‣
Free Silver/bimetallic movement (Bryan and the Cross of Gold)
‣
Klondike gold rush, 1896
Slide351901-1945
•
Progressive Era, 1901-1917, created a
regulated
capitalism
‣
TR, Taft broke
up monopolies using the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890
‣
Election of 1912: Wilson’s
New Freedom
vs. T. Roosevelt’s
New Nationalism
‣
Federal Reserve System, 1913
‣
16th Amendment, 1913
‣
Underwood-Simmons Tariff, 1913
‣
Clayton Anti-Trust Act,
1914 (labor unions not a monopoly)
•
Warren Harding and the Return to Normalcy, 1921-23
Andrew Mellon, tax
cuts for wealthy,
laissez faire
Protective
tariffs
Deregulation
of business
•
Calvin Coolidge, 1923-29 (“the business of America is business”)
•
The Great Depression, 1929-1941
‣
Causes:
too
little supply, too much
demand
The
Fed tightened the money supply
Hawley-Smoot
Tariff, 1930
Credit
Bubble
,
stock market crash, 1929
•
Herbert Hoover,
1929-1933
Reconstruction
Finance Corporation
Hawley
Smoot Tariff
Volunteerism
Slide36Franklin
Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1933-45
The 100 Days
relief
, recovery and reform
Keynesian
economics
(deficit spending)
1
st
New
Deal programs:
Agricultural
Adjustment Act (AAA
)
National Recovery Act (NRA): Blue Eagle, codes
Civilian
Conservation Corps (CCC
): job creation
Public
Works
Administration
(PWA
): job creation
Tennessee
Valley Authority (TVA
): Most socialistic
Federal
Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
Supreme Court issues (Court packing)
2
nd
New Deal
Wagner Act (Section 7a of the NRA)
Social Security Act
Critics
Father Coughlin (New Deal as socialistic)
Charles Townshend (Old age benefits)
Huey Long (Share Our Wealth)
Roosevelt Recession 1937
Slide371945-Present
•
Post-World War II inflationary spiral
•
Dwight Eisenhower and Keynesian economics, 1957
•
Lyndon Johnson and the Great Society, 1963-69
“
War on Poverty”
Medicare
Medicaid
Office of Economic Opportunity
Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA)
Food Stamps
•
Richard Nixon: “We are all Keynesians now,” 1971
•
OPEC and the energy crisis of the 1970s
•
Stagflation,
1970s (recession and inflation together)
Inflation rising
Unemployment rising (immigration increase)
•
Ronald Reagan, 1981-89
supply-side economics (Reaganomics)
tax
cuts and
deregulation
Increased federal debt
Slide38Immigration
Before 1880, immigrants came primarily from northern Europe.
Great
Migration of English Puritans, 1630s and 1640s
Scotch-Irish
, Germans, 1700s
Irish
, 1840s
After 1880, Immigrants began coming from Southern and Eastern Europe, aka the New Immigration
Chinese
Exclusion Act, 1882
Gentleman’s Agreement, 1907
National Origins Acts, 1920s
Bracero program, 1930s
McCarran-Walter Act, 1952
Immigration Act. 1965
Immigration Reform and Control Act, 1986
Slide39American Indian
History
1600s and 1700s
• Smallpox epidemic in New England killed 90% of Indians, early 1600s
• Pequot War 1634-1638; King Philip’s War, 1675-78
•
Pontiac’s Rebellion and the Proclamation of 1763
Early 1800s
•
Tecumseh and his brother The Prophet; Black Hawk War
Battle of Fallen Timbers, Treaty of Greenville
•
Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811
•
Seminole War, Horseshoe Bend
•
Indian Removal
(Washington’s Letter to the Cherokees; Andrew Jackson Indian Removal Act 1832)
•
Worcester v. Georgia
, 1832
•
Trail of Tears, 1838
Slide401865-1890
:
Indian Wars
•
Extermination of the buffalo in late 1800s helped defeat Plains Indians
Red Cloud’s War, Treaty of Fort Laramie 1868
•
Custer defeated by Sioux and Cheyenne at Little Big Horn, Montana, 1876
•
Chief Joseph (Nez Perce) surrendered, 1877
•
Helen Hunt Jackson,
A Century of Dishonor
, 1881
•
Geronimo (Apache) surrendered, 1886
•
Dawes Severalty Act (“Kill the Indian, Save the Man”), 1887
•
Sioux massacred at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, 1890
1900s
Indian
Reorganization Act 1935
•
Dennis Banks and the American Indian Movement (AIM), 1968
•
Occupation of BIA headquarters at Wounded Knee, 1972
Indian Self-Determination Act 1975
Tribal Community College Assistance Act 1978
Slide41Women’s
History
Colonial/American
Revolution
Property rights
Republican
motherhood
Abigail
Adams (“remember the ladies”)
Early 1800s:
Cult
of Domesticity
Separate
Spheres between men and
women
Women and
R
eform Movements
Abolition
Temperance
Suffrage
Seneca
Falls Convention, 1848
Elizabeth
Cady Stanton (“all men and women are created equal”)
Dorothea
Dix (Prison/asylum reform)
Lucretia Mott; Grimke Sisters
Slide42Late 1800s
Susan B Anthony
Fight to include women’s suffrage in the 15th Amendment
Wyoming granted women’s suffrage, 1870
Temperance; Carrie Nation; Anti-Saloon League
Slide43Early 1900s
National
Women’s Party, 1916
19th
Amendment, 1920
Margaret
Sanger
Flappers
(greater freedom for women in fashion and behavior), 1920s
“
Rosie the Riveter” and World War II
Late 1900s
Betty
Friedan,
The Feminine Mystique
, 1963
Equal
Pay Act, 1963
Civil
Rights Act of 1964
National
Organization for Women, 1966
Equal
Rights Amendment (passed by the U.S. Congress in 1972, not ratified by enough state governments)
Slide44Treaties
Treaty of Paris,
1763
Treaty of Amity and Commerce, 1778
Treaty of Paris, 1783
Jay’s Treaty, 1794
Pinckney’s Treaty, 1795
Treaty of Ghent, 1814
Adams-
Onís
Treaty, 1819
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848
Treaty of Paris, 1898
Treaty of Versailles, 1919
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 1949
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), 1954
Slide45Books and Writings
Thomas Paine,
Common Sense
, 1876
Alexander Hamilton, James Madison,
John
Jay,
The Federalist
, 1787
Frederick Douglass,
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass
, 1845
Henry David Thoreau,
Resistance to Civil Government
, 1849
Harriet Beecher Stowe,
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
, 1852
Helen Hunt Jackson,
A Century of Dishonor
, 1881
Josiah Strong,
Our Country
, 1885
Alfred
Thayer Mahan,
The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783
, 1890
Frederick Jackson Turner, “The Significance of the Frontier in American History,” 1893 (The
Frontier Thesis
)
Booker T. Washington,
Up From Slavery
, 1901
Lincoln Steffens,
The Shame of the Cities
, 1904
Upton Sinclair,
The Jungle
, 1905
Rachel Carson,
Silent Spring
, 1962
Betty Friedan,
The Feminine Mystique
, 1963
Slide46Speeches
George Washington,
Farewell Address
, 1796
Thomas Jefferson,
Inaugural Address
, 1801
Daniel Webster,
Second Reply to Hayne
, 1830
Abraham Lincoln, “
House Divided” Speech
, 1858
Abraham Lincoln,
Gettysburg Address
, 1863
William Jennings Bryan, “
Cross of Gold” Speech
, 1896
Woodrow Wilson,
Call for Declaration of War
Against
Germany
, 1917
Franklin Roosevelt,
Inaugural Address
,
1933
John F Kennedy,
Inaugural Address
, 1961
Martin Luther King,
“I Have a Dream,”
1963