Under Protective Covers Crops Working Group Progress Report Annette Wszelaki and Jeff Martin TN Russ Wallace and Joel Webb TX Carol Miles Tom Walters Debbie Inglis Jonathan Roozen Babette Gundersen Jacky King and Jeremy Cowan WA ID: 446224
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Biodegradable Mulches for Specialty Crops Produced
Under Protective Covers
Crops Working Group
Progress
Report
Annette Wszelaki and Jeff Martin, TN Russ Wallace and Joel Webb, TX
Carol Miles, Tom Walters, Debbie Inglis, Jonathan Roozen, Babette Gundersen, Jacky King and Jeremy Cowan, WASlide2
Crops WG key objectives:
Evaluate high-value crops commonly used in high tunnel production in relation to productivity, environmental conditions, pest/disease threats, and profitability.
Evaluate tomatoes grown in HT versus open field settings with five BDM treatments and a
bareground control.Slide3
TomatoesSlide4
Tomato Results
HT plots out-yielded OF plots in all 3 locations
For total yield, Celebrity and Early Girl out-yielded Cherokee Purple in HTs in TX (‘10) and TN (’10 and ‘11); Celebrity out-yielded both varieties in the OF plots (‘10) In WA, Early Girl and Cherokee Purple out-yielded Celebrity (‘11) for total yields
Early Girl had higher marketable yields in both the OF and HT plots than the other varietiesSlide5
TOMATO
Total Yield (kg/plot)
Marketable Yield (kg/plot)
2010
2011
2010
2011
Knoxville
Production System
0.0004
<0.0001
<0.0001
<0.0001
Variety
0.0079
<0.0001
0.0003
<0.0001
PS * V
0.0032
0.0641
<0.0001
0.4903
Lubbock
Production System
<0.0001
<0.0001
<0.0001
<0.0001
Variety
<0.0001
0.2249
<0.0001
0.0831
PS * V
0.0181
0.2249<0.0001 0.0831 Mount VernonProduction System 0.0103 0.0009<0.0001<0.0001Variety 0.9591 0.0013 0.0020<0.0001PS * V 0.1222 0.3923 0.1948 0.2168Slide6
TOMATO
Total
Yield (kg/plot)
Marketable
Yield (kg/plot)
2010
2011
20102011
Knoxville
High Tunnel48.7 a50.0 a11.7 a
25.6 a
Open
Field
25.5 b
29.4 b
1.0
b
13.4 b
Significance
0.0004
<0.0001
<0.0001
<0.0001
Lubbock
High Tunnel
56.3 a
29.9 a
18.1 a
17.0 a
Open
Field
13.4 b
0.0 b
2.9 b
0.0 b Significance<0.0001<0.0001<0.0001<0.0001Mount Vernon High Tunnel26.5 a35.6 a4.2 a21.0 a Open Field 5.9 b 7.3 b0.5 b 3.3 b Significance0.01030.0009<0.0001<0.0001Slide7
TOMATO
Total
Yield (kg/plot)
Marketable Yield (kg/plot)
High Tunnels
Open Field
High Tunnels
Open Field
2010
2011
2010
2011
2010
2011
2010
2011
Knoxville
Early Girl
58.8 a
60.9 a
23.3 b
32.9 a
24.8 a
37.4 a
2.0 a
21.8 a
Celebrity
50.6 a
55.5 a
31.4 a
34.2 a
9.7 b
23.6 b
0.8 b
12.0 b
Ch. Purple36.5 b33.5 b21.7 b21.2 b 0.6 c15.8 b0.2 b 6.5 c Significance0.00640.00320.011<0.0001<0.00010.00510.00240.001Lubbock Early Girl69.7 a 26.711.9 b040.0 a20.14.8 a0 Celebrity67.0 a 36.323.6 a010.7 b19.2 3.6 ab0 Ch. Purple32.2 b26.8 4.8 b0 3.6 b11.80.3 b0 Significance0.0290.14590.0063 1.00.0020.13020.051.0 Mount Vernon Early Girl27.437.9 a5.76.98.9 a32.7 a1.45.7 a Celebrity25.423.1 b4.75.22.9 a10.5 c0.21.9 b Ch. Purple26.845.8 a7.29.80.7 b20.0 b0.02.4 b Significance0.4830.00360.1354NS0.03310.00070.06570.0222Slide8
LettuceSlide9
Lettuce Results
No difference between HTs and OFs yields in TX or WA; TN results varied by year and weather conditions
Romaines were top performing type in all three locationsSlide10
LETTUCE
Total Yield (kg/plot)
Marketable Yield (kg/plot)
2010
2011
2010
2011
Knoxville
Production System
0.0129
0.4178
0.0038
<0.0001
Variety
0.0702
<0.0001
0.0003
0.0553
PS * V
0.0057
<0.0001
0.0531
<0.0001
Lubbock
Production System
0.2004
0.1775
0.2006
0.2699
Variety
<0.0001
<0.0001
0.0006
0.0195
PS * V
0.0167
<0.00010.1946 0.1992 Mount VernonProduction System 0.9749 0.73670.1377 0.7825Variety 0.5142<0.00010.6682<0.0001PS * V 0.7022 0.15350.3939 0.0025Slide11
LETTUCE
Total
Yield (kg/plot)
Marketable Yield (kg/plot)
2010
2011
2010
2011
Knoxville
High Tunnel15.4 a15.0 4.3 b
10.5 a
Open
Field
11.9 b
14.1
8.5 a
6.7
b
Significance
0.0129
0.4178
0.0038
<0.0001
Lubbock
High Tunnel
17.0
18.1
16.7
17.5
Open
Field
18.1
16.3
15.4
15.8
Significance0.20040.20060.17750.2699Mount Vernon High Tunnel16.619.6 8.48.7 Open Field17.019.810.58.4 Significance0.97490.73670.13770.7825Slide12
Lettuce
Total Yield (kg/plot)
Knoxville
Lubbock
Mount Vernon
HT
OF
HT
OF
HT
OF
Variety
2010
*
2011
2010
2011
2010
2011
2010
2011
2010
2011
2010
2011
Coastal
Star
13.2
19.8 a
16.6 a
22.9 b
23.0 a
21.1 a
24.0 b
22.2 a17.426.5 a17.929.0 abJericho Star15.221.8 a14.6 ab27.9 a23.6 a22.3 a28.7 a22.3 a20.229.5 a23.123.7 bErmosa22.713.3 b 10.9 c 9.2 cd14.3 b18.8 ab 12.4 d12.4 bc14.029.6 a9.532.6 aAdriana16.614.8 b10.4 c10.7 c15.2 b19.4 a 11.2 d11.6 c21.58.9 c15.78.9 dNew Red Fire13.2 8.0 c 6.4 d 5.8 e11.6 b10.7 b 12.0 d12.8 bc10.613.9 b21.913.6 cGreenstar11.512.5 b12.3 bc 7.9 de14.4 b16.2 ab 20.3 c16.5 b16.09.0 c14.110.8 cdSignificance0.1026<.0001<.0001<.00010.0017<.0001<.0001<.00010.7563<.00010.6321<.0001Lettuce Marketable Yield (kg/plot)KnoxvilleLubbockMount VernonHTOFHTOFHTOFVariety2010*20112010201120102011201020112010201120102011Coastal Star6.518.6 a14.7 a 5.0 bc23.0 17.8 23.1 b 21.6 a10.211.5 b12.510.0 bJericho Star5.1 9.8 bc10.0 b 2.6 c23.6 22.3 27.9 a20.2 ab 6.219.0 a10.313.3 aErmosa2.7 7.2 c 7.6 bc 9.0 a14.3 18.8 3.1 d12.2 cd10.8 4.3 c 8.1 8.5 bAdriana2.7 8.2 bc 7.4 bc10.0 a15.2 19.4 6.2 d11.4 d 5.0 5.0 c10.2 5.4 cNew Red Fire3.9 7.9 bc 3.9 c 5.8 b11.6 10.7 12.0 c12.8 cd 6.9 6.3 c12.1
7.5 bc
Greenstar
4.711.5 b
7.4 bc 7.9 ab
12.7
16.2
20.3 b
16.5
bc
11.1
6.2
c
9.5
5.7
c
Significance
0.0637
0.0001
0.0024
0.0013
0.0637
0.2360
<.0001
0.0012
0.3600
<.
0001
0.8194
0.0003Slide13
StrawberriesSlide14
Strawberry Results
High tunnel plots out-yield open field plots in TX and TN
Spring planting did not work well in TX and TNPlugs out-performed bare-rooted plantsFestival top performer in HTs in TX and TN; Albion in WA
In general, dayneutral varieties Albion and San Andreas were more productive in WA, while the June-bearing varieties, like Strawberry Festival had higher marketable yields in TX and TN Slide15
STRAWBERRY
Total Yield (kg/plot)
Marketable Yield (kg/plot)
2010
2011
2010
2011
Knoxville
Production System
<0.0001
<0.0001
<0.0001
<0.0001
Variety
0.0007
0.0005
0.0012
0.0008
PS * V
0.0020
0.0605
0.0021
0.0402
Lubbock
Production System
NA
<0.0001
NA
<0.0001
Variety
NA
<0.0001
NA
<0.0001
PS * V
NA
<0.0001NA<0.0001 Mount VernonProduction System 0.0646 0.6913 0.6409 0.1479Variety 0.0159<0.0001 0.0879<0.0001PS * V 0.0698 0.1600 0.1923 0.3457Slide16
STRAWBERRY
Total
Yield (kg/plot)
Marketable Yield (kg/plot)
2010
2011
2010
2011
Knoxville High Tunnel
1.1 a8.3 a0.9 a
6.2 a
Open
Field
0.1 b
2.5 b
0.1 b
1.6 b
Significance
<0.0001
<0.0001
<0.0001
<0.0001
Lubbock
High Tunnel
0
10.1
a
0
9.3
a
Open
Field
0
1.5
b0 1.1 b SignificanceNA <0.0001 NA<0.0001Mount Vernon High Tunnel10.87.68.26.8 Open Field12.87.88.06.5 Significance0.06350.69130.64090.1479Slide17
2010 Total Strawberry Yield (kg/plot)
Knoxville
Lubbock
Mount Vernon
Variety
HT
OF
HT
OF
HT
OF
San Andreas (B)
0.9 b
0.05 b
0
0
10.5
10.8 b
Albion (B)
0.9 b
0.09 b
0
0
11.0
13.0 a
Seascape (B)
1.6 a
0.22 a
0
0
11.0
14.6 a
Significance
0.0031
0.0018 NA NA0.85640.00382011 Strawberry Total Yield (kg/plot)KnoxvilleLubbockMount VernonVarietyHTOFHTOFHTOFSan Andreas (B) 7.6 ab 1.8 bc 6.1 d0.4 c11.6 b13.3 cAlbion (P)10.2 a5.0 a 9.6 c3.5 a20.5 a21.0 aAlbion (B) 5.4 b1.6 c 5.3 d0.4 c13.4 b16.3 bChandler (P) 9.8 a1.5 c 10.8 bc0.4 c 1.4 c 1.1 eFestival (P)11.1 a3.0 b 15.4 a2.4 a 3.5 c 2.3 deLCN (P) 5.9 b 1.9 bc 13.5 ab1.7 b 4.4 c 4.1 dSignificance0.01680.0002<0.0001<0.0001<0.0001<0.0001Slide18
2010 Marketable Strawberry Yield (kg/plot)
Knoxville
Lubbock
Mount Vernon
Variety
HT
OF
HT
OF
HT
OF
San Andreas (B)
0.6 b
0.01 b
0
0
8.0
6.7 c
Albion (B)
0.8 b
0.04 b
0
0
8.4
8.1 b
Seascape (B)
1.3 a
0.13 a
0
0
8.3
9.3 a
Significance
0.0037
0.0026 NA NA0.93710.00432011 Marketable Strawberry Yield (kg/plot)KnoxvilleLubbockMount VernonVarietyHTOFHTOFHTOFSan Andreas (B) 5.5 bcd 1.4 bc12.3 d0.6 c8.4 b8.7 cAlbion (P)7.5 ab3.4 a19.4 c6.4 a15.1 a14.3 aAlbion (B) 4.0 d 1.2 bc10.8 d0.7 c9.9 ab10.8 bChandler (P) 7.0 abc0.9 c 22.2 bc0.6 c0.6 d0.5 fFestival (P) 8.6 a1.8 b31.4 a3.8 b2.9 c1.8 eLCN (P)4.5 cd 1.0 bc 26.2 ab2.9 b3.4 c2.5 dSignificance0.01560.0003<0.0001<0.0001<0.0001<0.0001Slide19
Slide courtesy of Russ Wallace,
Texas A & MSlide20
Strawberry vs. BlackberrySlide21
BDMsSlide22
BDM Results
WeedGuardPlus
, BioTelo and BioBag had the greatest number of RTH, PVD, AUMDC values at all three sites
Values were greater in OF than HTsSB-PLA-10 showed no deterioration at all sites and was equivalent to black plastic Weed growth at Knoxville and Mount Vernon was greatest under SB-PLA-10
Total # and total fruit weight were lowest for bare ground at both Knoxville and Mount Vernon; BioBag tended to have the highest yield in WASlide23
# of RTH/bed in WA
High Tunnel
16-Jun
30-Jun
14-Jul
28-Jul
16-Aug
2-Sep
15-Sep
29-Sep
BioBag
1.8
3.0 a
2.5 a
7.3 a
7.8 b
12.8 b
14.0
b
15.8 ab
BioTelo
3.8
3.8 a
4.3 a
9.5 a
15.5 a
22.5 a
26.3 a
28.5 a
WeedGuardPlus
0.3
2.0 a
2.3 a4.5 b 5.8 b 6.0 bc 9.8 b 9.5 ab SB-PLA-100.0 0.0 b0.0 b0.0 c 0.0 d 0.0 d 0.0 d 0.0 c Black Plastic0.3 0.0 b0.0 b0.0 c 0.8 c 1.3 c 1.5 c 1.5 bP value0.06250.00110.0005<.0001<.0001<.0001<.0001<.0001Open Field BioBag0.5 yz1.3 y2.0 yz 9.3 x10.5 xy19.5 y20.8 y21.8 x BioTelo1.5 xy1.8 y6.0 x13.0 x18.3 x17.0 y28.3 y33.5 x WeedGuardPlus 4.8 x5.0 x6.8 x 7.3 x7.5 xy11.5 y25.0 y72.8 w SB-PLA-10 0.0 z0.0 z0.5 z 0.8 y1.5 z 2.8 z 3.0 z 3.0 z Black Plastic0.8 yz0.8 yz2.8 xy 6.3 x5.5 yz10.0 y10.5 z13.8 yP value0.00690.00200.00430.00130.01040.00990.0009<.0001Slide24
# of RTH/bed in
TX
High Tunnel
28-May
7-Jun
22-Jun
19-Jul
8-Oct
BioBag
0.0
0.0
1.3
1.5
ab
z
13.3
ab
BioTelo
0.8
0.8
1.0
1.0 b
17.0 a
WeedGuardPlus
0.0
0.0
1.5
4.0 a
23.5 a
SB-PLA-10
0.0
0.00.00.0 b 0.0 b Black Plastic0.00.00.00.0 b 0.0 bP value0.1024 0.10240.38720.02640.0272Open Field BioBag 2.8 xy1.8 z4.0 y7.5 y13.3 z BioTelo4.3 x6.5 y7.0 x8.3 y 7.8 z WeedGuardPlus0.0 z0.0 z0.0 z4.5 y29.5 y SB-PLA-100.0 z0.0 z0.0 z0.0 z 0.0 z Black Plastic 0.3 yz0.5 z0.5 z0.0 z 0.0 zP value0.0080.00050.00010.0010.008Slide25Slide26Slide27
Total weed #
and FW (g) per 0.6 m
2
Knoxville, TN
Mount Vernon,
WA
First Flower
Final Harvest
First Flower
Final Harvest
Weed
#
(plot
-1
)
Weed
FW
(g plot
-1
)
Weed
#
(
plot
-1
)
Weed
FW
(g plot
-1
)
Weed
#
(
plot
-1) Weed FW (g plot-1)Weed #(plot-1) Weed FW (g plot-1)Field location High tunnel11.315.03.4 41.625.5341.66.919.3 Open field 9.213.63.0 54.135.7256.86.110.1P value0.37670.83770.50340.50660.29510.05930.50180.7164Mulch Treatment BioBag 2.3 bu 4.6 b 0.0 b 0.0 b18.8 b 91.0 b 1.3 b 1.4 b BioTelo 2.1 b 1.9 b 0.0 b 0.0 b10.4 b 154.1 b 2.4 b 6.2 b WeedGuardPlus 1.8 b 0.7 b 0.0 b 0.0 b13.1 b 55.7 b 3.3 b 2.3 b SB-PLA-10123.7 a 190.8 a16.0 a 47.4 a98.5 a 1027.9 a 24.3 a 61.1 a Black Plastic 0.3 b 0.5 b 0.0 b 0.0 b12.3 b 167.3 b 1.3 b 2.7 bP value<0.0001<0.0001<0.0001<0.0001<0.0001<0.00010.01630.0085Slide28
Total #
and Weight for Tomato Fruit
Knoxville, TN
Lubbock, TX
Mount Vernon,
WA
Production System
Fruit #
(plot
-1
)
Fruit
Wt. (kg plot
-1
)
Fruit #
(plot
-1
)
Fruit
Wt. (kg plot
-1
)
Fruit #
(plot
-1
)
Fruit
Wt. (kg plot
-1
)
High Tunnel
175.2 a
29.2
425.2 a45.0 a72.7 a18.7 a Open Field123.6 b28.1244.0 b28.3 b14.0 b 2.0 bP value<0.00010.5797 0.0001 0.00010.00080.0005Mulch Treatment BioBag155.3 y29.7 y315.934.1 51.1 x12.5 w BioTelo148.9 y28.5 y312.035.1 49.6 xy 12.0 wx WeedGuardPlus152.6 y29.3 y315.532.542.9 xyz 10.0 xyz SB-PLA-10156.4 y29.8 y389.043.1 39.0 y 9.0 yz Black Plastic167.3 y32.0 y306.032.5 43.1 xy 10.1 wxy Bareground116.0 z22.7 z369.142.4 34.4 z8.3 zP value0.03970.02490.62090.39500.00830.0036Slide29
DeliverablesSlide30
Abstracts
5 abstracts to professional meetings submitted to date
6 planned for submission to ASHS 2012Proposed colloquium for BDM’s for ASHS 2012Slide31
Manuscripts
Evaluation of Biodegradable Spun-Melt 100%
Polylactic Acid Nonwovens Mulch Materials in a Greenhouse Environment (In review in Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics)
Deterioration of Potentially Biodegradable Alternatives to Plastic Mulch in Three Tomato Production Regions (In internal review to be submitted to HortScience
)Lettuce Yield and Quality When Grown Under High Tunnels in Three Diverse Climates (In preparation to be submitted to
HortTech)Case Study on High Tunnels (In preparation to be submitted to
HortTech)Slide32
Presentations
33 presentations by WA Crops WG team members
21 presentations by TN Crops WG team members25 presentations by TX Crops WG team members
79 presentations TOTAL since project inceptionSlide33
Questions?