Prof M HEvans Reims University A very short summary 5 minutes to summarise I shall mostly draw upon Bennett T Holloway K Farrington D 2008 The statistical ID: 486235
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Slide1
Drug and Crime
Prof. M. H-EvansReims UniversitySlide2
A very short summary
5 minutes to summariseI
shall
mostly draw upon: Bennett T., Holloway K., Farrington D. (2008), ‘The statistical association between drug misuse and crime: A meta-analysis’, Aggression and Violent Behavior, n° 13: 107-118 (for drugs)And Lipsey, M.W., D.B. Wilson, M.A. Cohen & J.H. Derzon (1997). “Is There a Causal Relationship Between Alcohol Use and Violence? A Synthesis of Evidence.” In M. Galanter (ed.), Recent Developments in Alcoholism, Vol. 13: Alcoholism and Violence. New York: Plenum Press. (for alcohol)But also a few othersSlide3
3 different theories
‘Enslavement theory’ or ‘economic
necessity
’
theory: people need a lot of money to buy drugs as they are expensive. Not always the case though (alcohol; market flooding; even heroine these days…)‘Common causes theory’: offenders and addicts have similar issues; so offending and addiction are caused by similar issues (in particular low self-control, personality
disorders
, antisocial cognitions, thoughts, attitudes and/or peers, genes…). Not always the caseCo-existing problems. People who abuse substances and people who offend both have problematic behaviour issues and are both part of a generally deviant lifestyle/subculture. Not always the case – does not explain alcohol=> A combination of these? ‘les trois mon général?’Slide4
Different interactions
Offence committed in order to
purchase
the substance;
Offence triggered or supported by an impaired judgment (while intoxicated) ;Offence triggered or supported by impaired skills (e.g. drink driving);Offence triggered or supported by impaired inhibition (while intoxicated);Offence triggered or supported by substance induced callousness (either
whilst
intoxicated or during withdrawal);In fewer cases: intoxication in order to commit the crime=> sometimes a combination of (part of) the aboveSlide5
Drugs
Bennett et al., 2008Odds of offending are betwen
2.8 and 3.8 times
greater
for drug users than for non drug-users : Crack-cocaine: 6 times higher;Heroine users: 3 times higher;Cocaine users: 2.5 times higher;Amphetamine users: 1.9 higher;Cannabis users: 1.5 higher.Pb: it does not account for differential treatment of different
drugs
…Slide6
Drugs
Another pb is: studies
included
in the
meta-analysis do not focus on the same offences. Some on property offences; others on violent offences. Stronger association is found with violence (Bennet et al.). For instance, regarding violence against women (a.k.a. domestic violence – DV) another meta-analytic review of 96 studies (Moore et al., 2008) found that ‘increases in drug use and drug-related problems were significantly associated with increases’ in DV (psychological abuse, violence, sex abuse) in aggression’. The strongest association was found with cocaine. Slide7
Alcohol
Lipsey et alii have focused mainly on the alcohol
and violence
link
They did find a strong correlation between alcohol and crime. Reminder: correlation does not mean that alcohol causes offending.To sum up we’re not sure that alcohol causes violence; we only think it
possibly
(
partly) does… (also see Ito, Miller & Pollock, 1996). Another simple rule is : it is not the principal factor. That being said alcohol is present in many cases and the person has committed the offence under the influence. And this is particularly true with alcohol. For instance Khun et alii (2013) have
conducted
a
meta-analysis
of 23
studies
totalling
28,265 homicides and
found
that
the offender was under the influence in 37% of cases. Slide8
Alcohol
A meta-analysis of 85 studies (Stith et al, 2004) found
that
five risk factors were strongly associated with DV, including, illicit drug use. Conversely only a moderate effect was found for 6 other factors, including alcohol use. But when one studies men entering treatment for alcohol use, one finds that about 50% of these men report having perpetrated VAW (which is about 5 times more than the general population) (Chermack et al., 1995)And many alcohol abusing perpretators
are
fully
able of committing VAW whilst not intoxicated => a complex relationship to say the least! (Gondolf, 1999)Slide9
What does
it mean in terms of treatment
Do not
hope
that just by adding a treatment obligation when the person abuses drugs or alcohol, you’ll sort the problem out. But you do need to add a treatment obligation. You do need to make sure substance abuse is dealt with. However, it is
not - & by far -
enough
. You also need todeal with other criminogenic needs (e.g. antisocial beliefs, cognitions and attitudes, and peers; in many cases antisocial personality; employment and attitude towards employment, family circumstances, etc.). Also, in many cases substance abuse hides (the person self-medicates) a mental health issue (bipolar psychosis, borderline personality, trauma…) which needs to be addressed… Slide10
Conclusion
Yes there is a
link
between drug and crimeA stronger link with- heroine- crack cocaine- cocaine- alcoholA lesser link withCannabis Slide11
Références
Bennett T., Holloway K., Farrington D. (2008), ‘The statistical
association
between
drug misuse and crime: A meta-analysis’, Aggression and Violent Behavior, n° 13: 107-118 Chermack, S. T., Fuller, B. E., & Blow, F. C. (2000). ‘Predictors of expressed partner and non-partner violence among patients in substance abuse treatment’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, n° 58,:43−54. Gondolf, E. (1999), ‘Characteristics of court-mandated batterers in four cities: Diversity and dichotomies’, Violence Against Women, n° 5: 1277−1293Ito T.A., Miller N. & Pollock V.E. (1996). “Alcohol and Aggression: A Meta-Analysis on the Moderating Effects of Inhibitory Cues, Triggering Events, and Self-Focused Attention.” Psychological Bulletin, n° 120: 60–82
.
Khun
J.B., Clodfelter T.A. & Bottia M.C. (2013), ‘The Prevalence of Alcohol-Involved Homicide offending: A Meta-Analycit Review’, Homicide Studies, Online DOI: 10.1177/1088767913493629Lipsey M.W., Wilson D.B., Cohen M.A. & Derzon J.H. (1997). “Is There a Causal Relationship Between Alcohol Use and Violence? A Synthesis of Evidence.” In M. Galanter (ed.), Recent Developments in Alcoholism, Vol. 13: Alcoholism and Violence. New York: Plenum Press.Moore T.M., Stuart G.L., Meehan J.C., Rhatigan D.L., Hellmuth J.C. & Keen S.M. (2008), ‘Drug abuse and aggression between intimate partner s. A meta-analytic review’, Clinical Psychlogy Review,
n° 28: 247-274
Stith, S. M., Smith, D. B., Penn, C. E., Ward, D. B., &
Tritt
, D. (
2004), ‘Intimate partner physical
abuse perpetration and victimization risk factors: A meta-analytic
review’,
Aggression
and Violent
Behavior
,
n° 10: 65−98.West R. & Brown J. (2013), Theory of Addictions. WileySlide12
Merci! Thank you!
http://
herzog-evans.com
martineevans@ymail.com
martineeevans@gmail.com@ProfMEvans