The Changing Structures and Roles Within the Family The Etymology of Family Etymology is the history of the formation or derivation of a word The word family is relatively new Prior to 300 years ago there was no word in any European language that meant a living arrangement based on parent ID: 544229
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Slide1
HISTORY OF THE FAMILY
The Changing Structures and Roles Within the FamilySlide2
The Etymology of Family
Etymology is the history of the formation or derivation of a word
The word
family
is relatively new. Prior to 300 years ago, there was no word in any European language that meant a living arrangement based on parents and children living together.
The English word
family
is derived from the Latin word
familia
, which was derived form a word that meant
house
.Slide3
Families in History
- Beginning
with the ancestors of Canada’s First Nations peoples, different
cultural
groups all over Canada have organized their family structures in a
variety
of ways
- Development
has happened over hundreds of years but at a different
paces
- Specifically
,
cultural anthropologists
study isolated human societies both
from
the outside and on the inside
- As
a result many theories have been developed to explain the
development
of human civilizations and the origin of the human family
unit
- Our
brain distinguishes us from other animal species and enables us to
think
, problem-solve, to use language as a means of communication, to
invent
, and to feel emotions
- Humans
may not have survived as a species unless some form of family
grouping
developed to provide care and protection and socializationSlide4
Families in History
-
First
family groupings may have
been
hordes
or
bands
- Loose
groupings of males and females and their offspring
- Perhaps
they were similar to social organizations of
chimpanzees
- But
, unlike primates we have developed taboos against certain
kinds of aggression
and sexual
activity
- We
created relative peace and cooperation necessary for the
survival
of
the horde
- Later
, a system of social organization based on kinship replaced a
social hierarchy
based on the size and strength of the dominate
male
- Likely
, the earliest human family form was a kind of group
marriage within
the horde, in which informal pairing occurred for
various
lengths
of
time
Slide5
HUNTER-GATHERERS
estimated that for 99% of human history, h/g was the major means of subsistence (you ate what you killed/grew)
daily quest for food – made sense to keep moving (nomadic)
Slide6
HUNTER-GATHERERS
Men:
hunters and toolmakers
often left family to hunt for long period of time (took days to tire out larger animals for easier kill)
Women:
gathered fruits, nuts, grains, herbs and small prey
responsible for nurturing young
learned to use plants for medicine
b/c of these 3 roles, women were seen as essential to survival –
had high status within groupSlide7
HUNTER-GATHERERS
small nomadic groups
typically 5-80 members
related by
consanguinity: by blood
, or by informal relationshipsSlide8
HUNTER-GATHERERS
Differences:
Women:
Gathered plants/herbs/small prey
Birthed/nurtured children
Learned to use plants for medicine
Men:
Hunters/toolmakers
Men/Women Roles:
Though different, tasks of men and women shared equallySlide9
HUNTER-GATHERERS
FAMILY FUNCTIONS
Physical Maintenance:
Women took physical care of children
Women used plants for medicine
Production/Consumption
Purpose of each day to find (produce) food for group (distribution/consumption)Slide10
AGRICULTURAL FAMILIES
once our ancestors domesticated animals and grew plants for food, need for hunting/gathering eliminated
made more sense to stay in permanent settlementSlide11
AGRICULTURAL FAMILIES
agricultural settlements required more labour (working land/tending to animals)
more people needed = have more babies!!!Slide12
AGRICULTURAL FAMILIES
The beginning of societal roles and wealth:
Areas of high agricultural yield = more people settling there = development of towns/cities
Concept of “owning land” emerged
Families could acquire more land = wealth
Food surpluses had to be controlled/distributed = merchants/builders
All of these new roles needed to be organized = politicians
women became more focused on the personal household (looking after children/house)
Monogamy: having one marital partner
,
became preferred in most parts of the worldSlide13
AGRICULTURAL FAMILIES
Patriarchy:
men are the rulers and decision-makers of family
, established to ensure fatherhood and inheritance of property
Unfortunately, this new organization = gender power imbalance
Women had few legal rights
Seen as husband’s property
Very successful men could afford several wives –
polygamy: having more than one wife
, became popularSlide14
AGRICULTURAL FAMILIES
Need for labour kept young adults in parent’s house after marriage, to continue to work land, creating households with
extended families: families consisting of all relatives (parents, children, grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, etc.)Slide15
AGRICULTURAL FAMILIES
Factors Causing Changes
Ownership of land created concept of “wealth”
Patriarchy established to ensure inheritance of land
Changing Roles of Men/Women
:
- Women became property of their husbands/had few rightsSlide16
AGRICULTURAL FAMILIES
FAMILY FUNCTIONS
Addition of New Members
(necessary for working land; sometimes had more than one wife and family to increase this even more)
Production/Consumption
(you consume what you produce)Slide17
PRE-INDUSTRIAL FAMILIES (1600’s-1700’s)
as towns and villages formed, so did commerce, technology and crafts.
Merchants/artisans began working from the home (with family’s help)
These families less able than farms to sustain large households, so marriages were monogamous and had fewer childrenSlide18
PRE-INDUSTRIAL FAMILIES (1600’s-1700’s)
Marriage not about love as much as economic necessity
No work for single woman
No house keeping for single man
Children economic necessitySlide19
PRE-INDUSTRIAL FAMILIES (1600’s-1700’s)
Factors Causing Change
men/women/children all needed to work in home
Changing Roles of Men/Women (Children)
Sharing of roles in familySlide20
PRE-INDUSTRIAL FAMILIES (1600’s-1700’s)
FAMILY FUNCTIONS
Production/Consumption
(everyone in family involved)Slide21
URBAN INDUSTRIAL FAMILIES
industrial revolution changed family system – especially women
shift from agriculture/commerce (at home work) to factory work to earn a wage (outside home)
family unit no longer produced, but rather consumed
Phase 1: Industrial Nuclear FamilySlide22
URBAN INDUSTRIAL FAMILIES
industrial nuclear family:
woman’s sole purpose is nurturer at home, supported financially by husband
man’s sole purpose to work/provide for wife and children
no need for children in factories – education compulsory under 14 (1871, Ontario)
home no longer centre of economic activity, but rather place of love and emotional contentment
Phase 1: Industrial Nuclear FamilySlide23
URBAN INDUSTRIAL FAMILIES
early 1900’s:
family sizes shrink
delayed marriage until own house could be afforded
increasingly became
consumer family:
husband is exclusive provider/link
btwn
family and society
wife = homemaker (thought that women reached potential ONLY if married with children)
new products made for her to make
home
more
comfortable for husband and children
peaks in 1940’s-50’s
Phase 2: Consumer FamilySlide24
URBAN INDUSTRIAL FAMILIES
Changing Roles of Men/Women
- Traditional roles of men as sole providers and women as nurturers of children/housekeepers established
Factors Causing Change
Men returned from war, taking back jobs
Baby Boom (1946-1967)
T.V. portrayed ideal nuclear family became popular and strived for
“Mystique of Motherhood”: belief that women only reached full potential once they had childrenSlide25
URBAN INDUSTRIAL FAMILIES
FAMILY FUNCTIONS
Physical Care & Affective Nurturance
(Mother as Nurturer/Housekeeper)
Addition of New Members
(seen as “worth”, and baby boom!)
Production/Consumption
(very clear roles (Husband = producer; Wife = ConsumerSlide26
CONTEMPORARY CANADIAN FAMILY
by 1960’s-70’s:
became difficult for family to afford “necessities”
women begin to work outside home to supplement family income
birth rate declines
women less financially dependant on men = increased status of women
transitional family
emerges,
mother temporarily leaves work to raise small children (mat leave)
as well as
dual-family income, both spouses work full-time
with increased women’s rights came new divorce laws, creating
blended families, divorced partners with children remarry.Slide27
CONTEMPORARY CANADIAN FAMILY
Family formation in last 40 years reflects broader multicultural influences from increased immigration
Brought diverse family systems (arranged marriages, matriarchal families, etc.)
Influence next generation
Some cynics say these changes mean end of “the family”, but “family institution” endures because of ability to changeSlide28
CONTEMPORARY CANADIAN FAMILY
Factors Causing Changes
supplementary income needed, leading to women in going to work
Financial independence of women leads to change in divorce laws
Birth control pill (gave women power to choose motherhood)
Changing Roles of Men/Women
- Increased status of womenSlide29
CONTEMPORARY CANADIAN FAMILY
FAMILY FUNCTIONS
Affective Nurturance
both in families and intimate relationships
Production/Consumption
we are BIG spenders, and rely heavily on our income