AGSC 361 Landscape Design Construction and Maintenance Instructional Materials Service Texas AampM University Today We Will Discuss the functions of water in plant growth and development ID: 427768
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Slide1
Watering Landscape Plants
AGSC 361
Landscape Design, Construction, and Maintenance
Instructional Materials Service
Texas A&M UniversitySlide2
Today We Will…
Discuss the functions of water in plant growth and development.
Explain the effects watering has on landscape plants.
Describe how to determine when landscape plants need watering.
Discuss methods of watering landscape plants.Slide3
Today We Will…
Explain how to determine the quantity of water to apply to landscape plants.
Discuss the importance of water quality considerations.
Explain how to determine the time and frequency for watering landscape plants.
Describe effective and efficient watering practices used in watering landscape plants.Slide4
Functions of Water in Plant Growth and Development
Provides essential nutrients.
Major component of plant cell.
Solvent and medium for chemical reactions and processes
Maintains turgidity.
Medium for transporting nutrients and food.
Component of photosynthesis.
Assists in the movement of plant parts
Maintains stable temperature within plant.Slide5
Water and Turgidity
Water is important for keeping plants and their cells turgid.
Turgidity is a plant state in which the plant is rigid and inflated with water.
Plants may appear wilted due to a lack of
turgor
pressure.
Turgor
pressure is the pressure inside a cell due to water uptake.Slide6
Water and TurgiditySlide7
Water and Temperature Stability
Water serves as a buffer within the plant against sudden changes in the exterior environment.
In cold temperatures, water maintains plant energy and uses it to moderate the temperature of the plant.
In warm temperatures, water releases heat to cool the plant.Slide8
Water Functioning in Soil
As they absorb water from the soil, plant roots also absorb minerals that have been dissolved in the soil water.
Plants lose a great deal of water due to transpiration and replace this lost water with moisture from the soil.
Transpiration
- plant
releases water from its leaf surfaces in the form of water
vaporSlide9
Water Functioning in Soil
Leaching occurs when nutrients are washed past the root region and become unavailable to plants.
Water applied to the soil helps leach out excessive levels of minerals in the soil near the plant’s roots.Slide10
Water and Landscape Plants
Landscape plants require adequate water to survive.
The amount of water a plant receives affects its growth and development.
Both under-watering and over-watering impact plant growth and development.
Determine whether plants need to be watered by observing them for signals or by checking the soil for moisture. Slide11
Effects of Under-Watering
Reduced growth rate.
Reduced
rate of photosynthesis.
Wilting due to decreased
turgor
pressure when plant transpires faster than roots can supply lost water.
Eventual death due to lack of water and permanent wilting.Slide12
Effects of Over-Watering
Taller growth with less compactness.
Shallow root system.
Nutrient deficiencies due to leaching and shallow root system
.
Plant roots may “drown” Slide13
Signals that Turfgrass
Needs Water
Wilting in which leaves bend or roll up.
Overall dull, grayish appearance.
Leaves appear dull with a bluish-green to purplish cast.
Grass lies flat after being walked on.
Intrusion of weeds.Slide14
Signals that Trees, Shrubs, and Groundcovers Need Water
Discoloration in which leaves go from glossy, bright-green to dull, gray-green.
Wilting.
Premature leaf, bud, and flower drop.
Death of young leaves.Slide15
Watering Needs of Container Plants & Transplants
A high potential for drought stress occurs in container plants because moisture from the surrounding soil does not move into the container soil mix and root zone quick enough to prevent drought stress.
Frequent watering is necessary until the root systems of transplanted plants spread and develop into the soil of the new location.Slide16
Checking Soil For Moisture
Cane or Stick Insertion
Insert a cane or stick into the soil around the root system.
If it has no moisture or soil clinging to it when removed, water is needed.
Moisture or soil clinging to it indicates adequate moisture.
Observing the Soil
Soil appearing light in color and dry to the touch indicates a need for watering.Slide17
Checking Soil for Moisture
Feeling the Soil
Roll or squeeze a small bit of soil into a ball.
A soil ball that crumbles when rubbed has proper moisture.
If the soil ball does not crumble when rubbed, it is too wet.
Water is needed if soil will not form into a ball.
Sandy soils crumble even when wet.
Photo Courtesy of USDA Natural Resources Conservation ServiceSlide18
Methods of Watering
Landscape Plants
Sprinkler Irrigation
Drip Irrigation
Surface Irrigation
Manual IrrigationSlide19
Sprinkler Irrigation
Most commonly used method of irrigation.
Effective and efficient method of evenly distributing water over a lawn area.
Applies large volumes of water in a short time.
Requires minimal maintenance.
Includes hose-end sprinklers and automatic underground pop-up sprinkler systems.Slide20
Types of Hose-End Sprinkler Systems
Oscillating Sprinklers
Spray Type Sprinklers
Impact SprinklersSlide21
Oscillating Sprinklers
Provide an even supply of water back and forth across an area.
Maintain an even watering pattern throughout lawn area.
Should be moved frequently and evenly throughout the area.
Should overlap about half of each pattern when moved.Slide22
Spray Type Sprinklers
Distribute water to an area either with a fixed spray or rotary spray.
Provide a constant, uniform supply of water to an area.Slide23
Impact Type Sprinklers
Shoot a fine spray of water across an area.
Impact of water passing through the sprinkler nozzle changes the direction of the stream in short movements around the sprinkler.
Those on risers of about 2 to 3 feet sprinkle water above shrubs, providing a more equal distribution of water.
Photo Courtesy of USDA Natural Resources Conservation ServiceSlide24
Selecting a Hose-End Sprinkler
Choose one that sprays large water drops, close to the ground.
Avoid sprinklers that produce fine streams of water high into the air
.Slide25
Automatic Underground Pop-Up Sprinkler Systems
Consists of the following components:
Underground distribution lines.
Electrically controlled valves.
Electric program controller.
Pop-up
sprinkler heads.Slide26
Automatic Underground Pop-Up Sprinkler Systems
Advantages
More water efficient than hose-end sprinklers.
Sprays water near the ground and closer to the roots of plants.
Allows for dividing areas into zones that can be watered separately, according to specific needs.
Disadvantages
Expensive to install.
Nozzles may require cleaning if clogged.
Heads and nozzles may have be adjusted to ensure walks and drives aren’t watered and large drops rather than a fine spray is emitted.Slide27
Drip Irrigation Systems
Involves the following components:
Supply tubes
Thin
connecting tubes
Emitters
Photo Courtesy of USDA Natural Resources Conservation ServiceSlide28
Advantages of
Drip Irrigation Systems
Efficient
Economical
Improved
Plant
HealthSlide29
Disadvantages of Drip Irrigation Systems
High cost of materials and instillation.
Emitters may occasionally become clogged.Slide30
Guidelines for Use of Drip Irrigation Systems
Operate system for at least three hours to achieve thorough soaking.
Bury supply tubes and thin tubing, or cover them with mulch.Slide31
Surface Irrigation
Involves flooding or allowing water to cover an area.
Commonly used in landscape for watering flowerbeds.
Also used in landscape for close plantings of trees or shrubs.Slide32
Surface Irrigation
Advantages
Provides good, uniform wetting of the soil in the irrigated area.
Disadvantages
Uses a great deal of water.
Requires a level surface, or runoff becomes a problem.Slide33
Guidelines for Surface Irrigation
Construct small
berm
around area to be watered.
The
berm
creates a small basin to retain water and to prevent surface runoff.
Allow water to cover the soil surface to a depth of 1 to 2 inches.
BermSlide34
Manual Irrigation
Involves watering landscape plants by hand.
Supplies water to plants by means of a hose or bucket.Slide35
Manual Irrigation
Advantages
Allows each plant to be personally monitored by the irrigator.
Disadvantages
Requires a great deal of time.
Requires a lot of labor.
Requires a lot of water.Slide36
Using a Hose for Manual Irrigation
Make sure hose reaches all plants to be watered.
Attach a water breaker to end of the hose
.Slide37
Using a Bucket
for Manual Irrigation
Apply water slowly.
Do not pour all water at once.
Apply
water close to the soil surface
.Slide38
General Guidelines for Manual Irrigation
Fill the basin surrounding the base of the plant.
Allow water to infiltrate down into the soil in the plant’s root zone.
Do not allow excessive water runoff.
If no basin exists, apply water away from the trunk or stem to the canopy drip-line.
Drip-LineSlide39
Factors to Consider in Selecting An Effective Irrigation Method
Size and topography of area
Type of plants
Labor requirements (time and cost)
Uniformity of application
Quality, quantity, and availability of water
Cost of installation
Life expectancy of system
Economics of operationSlide40
Determining Quantity & Frequency of Watering for Landscape Plants
Watering needs differ among landscape plants.
Factors to consider in determining how much water to apply to plants include:
Plant Species
Plant Size
Plant Age
Stage of Plant Development
Soil Texture
Slope of Land
Environmental ConditionsSlide41
Guidelines for Determining Quantity of Water to Apply
Apply enough water to thoroughly soak the soil surrounding the plants’ roots
.
Apply water at a slow enough rate to prevent runoff.
Apply water regularly to newly planted landscape plants.Slide42
Guidelines for Determining Quantity of Water to Apply
Satisfy the water requirements of established plants.
Avoid
applying too much water
.
Consider water received in the form of rainfall.
Consider the placement of plants.Slide43
Determining the Effectiveness of Landscape Watering
Water an area for 15 minutes.
Dig to find the depth of moisture penetration.
Calculate the time needed to thoroughly soak plants based on the depth of moisture penetration.
Thoroughly wetting the root zone of an established large shrub or small tree may require 6 to 12 hours.Slide44
Determining Water Quantity Received by Lawn Area
Set several wide-topped, flat-bottomed cans with straight sides in a straight line out from sprinkler.
Check the water level in the cans at 15- minute intervals.
Adjust the sprinkler’s rate of application to about ½ to 1 inch per hour.Slide45
Determining Water Quantity Received by Lawn AreaSlide46
Time for Watering Landscape Plants
Water during the early morning hours.
Calm winds and a cooler temperature reduce water lost to evaporation and ensure a uniform watering pattern.
Discourages development of disease-causing pathogens because foliage dries in a short time.Slide47
Tips for Effective and Efficient Watering
Water plants only when they need it and apply only enough to satisfy their needs.
Water plants thoroughly to reduce the amount of water and frequency of watering.
Mulch landscape plants to keep soil cool and to reduce water lost to evaporation.
Add organic matter to increase drainage in clay soils and to retain moisture in sandy soils.Slide48
Tips for Effective and Efficient Watering
Avoid watering weeded or unplanted areas.
Taper off watering during late summer and early autumn to encourage plants to harden and become tolerant to cold winter conditions.
Water plants periodically during the winter to supply water to plant roots as they continue to grow.Slide49
Things to Remember About Effective and Efficient Watering
The greatest waste of water is due to applying too much, too often.
Be observant in hot and dry summer weather when plants never absorb and use much of the water applied.
As much as 50% of water is wasted through runoff and evaporation.Slide50
Water Quality Considerations
Use irrigation water that is free of suspended matter or particles
.
Avoid using water with high salinity level
Chlorine and fluoride added to city water for health reasons usually isn’t present in high enough levels to affect landscape plants.Slide51
Water Quality Considerations
Water
quality varies from one location to another.
In some cases, mineral content is so high that it affects plant growth.
Have water tested if problems occur.Slide52
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Reproduction or redistribution of all, or part, of this presentation without written permission is prohibited.
Instructional Materials Service
Texas A&M University
2588 TAMUS
College Station, Texas 77843-2588
http://www-ims.tamu.edu
2007