hutchison rn The Skeletal System The Skeletal System is made of organs called bones The adult human has 206 bones When you were born your skeleton had around 350 bones By the time you become an adult you will only have 206 bones This is because as you grow some of the bones join f ID: 780383
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Slide1
nes
Skeletal
System
By
kelly
hutchison
r.n.
Slide2The Skeletal System
The Skeletal System is made of organs called bones.
The adult human has 206 bones.
Slide3When you were born, your skeleton had around 350 bones.
By the time you become an adult ,you will only have 206 bones. This is because as you grow ,some of the bones join (fuse) together to become one bone.
Slide4These bones work as a system to perform the following 5 functions:
Framework
ProtectionLeversProduction of blood cellsStorage
Slide5Framework
The bones form a framework to support the body’s muscles, fat, and skin.
Slide6Protection
Bones surround vital organs to protect them.
Examples include the skull, which surrounds the brain , and the ribs ,which protect the heart and lungs.
Slide7Levers
Muscles attach to bones to help provide movement.
Slide8Production of blood cells
Bones help produce red and white blood cells and platelets, a process called
hemopoiesis or
hematopoiesis.
Slide9Storage
Bones store most of the calcium supply of the body.
Slide10Long Bones
Bones vary in shape and size.
Long bones are bones found in the extremities (arms and legs).Photo of a femur.
Slide11Basic parts of long Bones
Diaphysis
- is the long shaft.
Epiphysis- are the ends
Slide12More parts…
Medullary
canal-is a cavity in the diaphysis. It is filled with yellow marrow (mainly fat cells).Endosteum- is a membrane that lines the medullary canal keeps the yellow marrow intact,and
It produces bone growth.
Slide13Slide14Red Marrow
Produces red blood cells (erythrocytes), platelets (
thrombocytes), and white blood cells (leukocytes).Found in Vertebrae, Ribs, Sternum, and Cranium, and in the proximal ends of the humerous and femur bones of the body.
Slide15Bone marrow is important in the manufacture of blood cells and the body’s immune response, red marrow is used to diagnose disease and is sometimes transplanted in people with a defective immune system. (Cancer and Leukemia)
Slide16Periosteum
A tough membrane that covers the outside of bone.
Contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and
osteoblasts
(cells that form new bone cell tissue).
Slide17Articular cartilage
A thin layer that covers the epiphysis.
Acts like a shock absorber when two bones meet form a joint.
Slide18The skeletal system is divided into 2 sections:
*Axial skeleton*
Appendicular Skeleton
Slide19Axial Skeleton
Forms the main trunk of the body.
SkullSpinal columnRibsBreastbone
Slide20Appendicular
Skeleton
Forms extremities
Shoulder girdleArm bonesPelvic girdleLeg bones
Slide21Your 3 pound
(1.4 kg)
brain needs a home... your skull!
Slide22The Skull
Is
Composed of cranial & facial bones.
Slide23Cranium
Surrounds & protects the brain.
It is made up of eight bones:One frontalTwo parietalTwo temporalOne occipitialOne ethmoid
One sphenoid
Slide24The cranium is not solid bone at birth.
Spaces called Fontanels ,or “soft spots” are present at birth , and they allow for enlargement of the skull as brain growth occurs.
Fontanels are made of membrane and cartilage and turn into solid bone by age 18 months.
Slide25The Skull has 14 Facial Bones
One mandible (lower bone)
Two maxilla (upper jaw)
Two zygomatic
(cheek)
Two
lacrimal
(inner aspect of eyes)
Five nasal
Two palatine (roof of mouth-hard palate)
Slide26Facial Bones
Slide27Sutures
Are areas where the cranial bones have joined together
Slide28Sinuses
Are air spaces in the bones of the skull that act as resonating chambers for their voice.
They are lined with mucus membranes
Slide29Foramina
Are
openings in bones that allow nerves and blood vessels to enter or leave the bone.
Slide30There is a large opening, called the foramen magnum, located in the back of the occipital bone. This is where the medulla ends and projects out of the skull. Smaller holes in the skull, called foramina, allow nerves and blood vessels to enter and leave the cranium. The picture on the left shows the base of the skull.
The places in the skull where the bones come together are called sutures. These sutures are flexible in young children, but become fixed as you age.
Slide31Spinal column
Made of 26 bones called vertebrae.
These bones protect the spinal cord and provide support for the head and trunk.
Slide32Bones of the
Vertebrae include:7 cervical (neck)12 thoracic(chest)
5 lumbar(waist)1 sacrum (pelvic girdle)1 coccyx (tailbone)
.
Slide33Tip for testing
Think of the vertebrae as the meals you eat daily:
First you eat breakfast @ 7am-this represents the 7 Cervical vertebraeLunch is at 12pm- next there are 12 Thoracic vertebraeDinner is @5pm- this represents 5 Lumbar vertebrae.Two snacks- this represents the Sacrum and then last Coccyx.
Slide34*Intervertebral
disks (pads of cartilage tissue) separate the vertebrae. These disks act like shock absorbers, permit twisting and bending movements of the vertebral column.
Slide3512 pair of Ribs
Ribs (costae)
Function is to protect the heart & lungs. They attach to the thoracic vertebraeThe first seven pairs are called true ribs, they attach directly to the sternum.The last five pair are called false ribs.
Slide36False ribs
The first three pairs attach to cartilage of the rib above.
The last two pairs are called floating ribs because they have no attachment on the front of the body.
Slide37Slide38Sternum
Known as the breastbone.
The last bone of the axial skeleton.3 parts: manubrium (upper region) gladiolus (body) xiphoid
process (small piece of cartilage at the bottom)
Slide39Clavicle
Known as collarbones.
They attach to the manubrium part of the sternum by ligaments.
Slide40Scapula
You have two scapulas
Scapulas are also known as shoulder bones.They provide for attachment to of the arms to the body.
Slide41Humerus
Each arm has one
humerus
.This is the upper part of his arm.
Slide42Slide43Radius
Each arm has one radius.
This bone is found in the lower arm on the thumb side.
Slide44Ulna
You have one ulna in each arm.
The ulna is the larger bone in the lower arm.
Slide45Slide46Bones of the hand
Each hand has :
Eight carpals- these form the wrist. Five metacarpals- these are found in the palm of the hand.Has fourteen
Phalanges –these are the bone that form the fingers.
Slide47Bones of the hand
Slide48Bones of the leg
Each leg has:
Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals
Metatarsals Phalanges
Slide49Femur
The thigh bone
Slide50Patella
Kneecap
Fracture of the patella
Slide51Tibia
Long supporting bone of lower leg, medial surface (inside or toward the middle)
Slide52Slide53Fibula
Smaller bone of lower leg, lateral surface (outer)
Slide54Bones of the foot
Tarsals: 7 bones of ankles Calcaneous is heel bone Metatarsals: 5 bones forming instep of foot Phalanges: 14 bones on each foot, form toes
Slide55Slide56Joints
Areas where two or more bones join together
Ligaments: connective tissue bands that hold long bones together Three main types of joints:A. Diarthrosis
B. AmphiarthrosisC. Synarthrosis
Slide57Diarthrosis
Freely movable joints
A. Ball-and-socket joints of the shoulder and hipB. Hinge joints of the elbow and knee
Slide58Amphiarthrosis
Slightly movable Example is the attachment of the ribs to the thoracic vertebrae, vertebrae, and synthesis pubis.
Slide59Synarthrosis
Immovable Example is the cranium
Slide60Diseases and abnormal conditions
Slide61Arthritis
Group of diseases involving an inflammation of the joints
Two main types: osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis
Slide62Osteoarthritis
Chronic disease that occurs with aging Symptoms: joint pain, stiffness, aching, limited range of motion Treatment: rest, heat/cold applications, aspirin, anti-inflammatory medications, steroid injections, special exercises
Slide63Rheumatoid arthritis
Chronic inflammatory disease of connective tissues and joints
Three times more common in women Often begins between ages of 35 and 45 Progressive attacks cause scar tissue formation and atrophy of bone and muscle tissue, which results in permanent deformity and immobility Treatment Rest and prescribed exercise
Anti-inflammatory medications,aspirin and steroids Surgery, or arthroplasty, to replace damaged joints such as hips or knees
Slide64www.ppnf.org/catalog/product_info.php?product..
Slide65hms.harvard.edu/.../arthritis/arthritis.html
Slide66Bursitis
Inflammation of
bursae, small fluid-filled sacs surrounding joints Frequently affects shoulders, elbows, hips, or knees
Symptoms: severe pain, limited movement, accumulation of fluid in joint
Treatment
Pain medications and rest
Injections of steroids and anesthetics into joint
Aspiration (withdrawal of fluid with a needle) of joint
Physical therapy to preserve joint motion
Slide67Slide68www.learningradiology.com/caseofweek/caseoftheweekpix2006/cow227arr.jpg
Slide69Fractures
Involve a crack or break in a bone
Types of fractures Greenstick Simple Compound Impacted Comminuted Spiral
Depressed Colles
Slide70Slide71Greenstick
B
one is bent and splits causing a crack or incomplete breakCommon in children
Greenstick fx of the Ulna
Slide72Simple
Complete break with no damage to skin
Simple
fx of the fibula
Slide73Simple
fx
of the humerus
Slide74Compound
Break in bone that ruptures through skin; increased chance of infection
Slide75Graphic slide of a compound fracture
Slide76Ankle x-ray after repair
Slide77Impacted
B
roken bone ends jam into each other
Impacted hip fx
Slide78Comminuted
Bone fragments or splinters into more than two pieces
Fibula
fx
Slide79Spiral
Severe twisting of a bone causes one or more breaks; common in skiing and skating accidents
The line of fracture is a curve
Slide80Spiral
Femur
fx
Slide81Depressed
Broken piece of skull bone moves inward: common with severe head injuries
Slide82Colles
Breaking and dislocation of the distal radius that causes a characteristic bulge at the wrist; caused by falling on an outstretched hand
Slide83Colles
fx of wrist
Slide84Reduction
Process by which bone is put back into proper alignment
Closed reduction: position bone in alignment, usually with traction, and apply cast or splint to maintain position Open reduction: surgical repair of bone, and, at times, insertion of pins, plates, and other devices
Slide85Dislocation
Bone is forcibly displaced from a joint
Frequently occurs in shoulders, fingers, knees, and hips Reduced and immobilized with splint, cast, or traction
Slide86Slide87Sprain
Twisting action tears ligaments at a joint
Common sites are wrists and ankles Symptoms: pain, swelling, discoloration, limited movement Treatment Rest and elevation Immobilization with elastic bandage or splint
Cold applications
Slide88Slide89R.I.C.E.
Rest
IceCompressionElevation
Slide90Osteomyelitis
Inflammation of bone usually caused by pathogenic organism
Pathogen causes formation of abscess within bone and accumulation of pus in the medullary canal Symptoms: pain at site, swelling, chills, fever
Treatment is antibiotics for infection
Slide91Slide92Osteoporosis
Metabolic disorder with increased porosity or softening of bones
Etiology (1) Deficiency of hormones, especially estrogen in females (2) Prolonged lack of calcium in diet (3) Sedentary lifestyle
Loss of calcium and phosphate causes bones to become porous, brittle, and prone to fracture Bone density (x-ray) tests lead to early detection and preventative treatment Treatment Increased intake of calcium and vitamin D Exercise Medications to increase bone mass
Estrogen replacement
Slide93Slide94Slide95Ruptured disk
Also called a herniated or slipped disk Intervertebral disk ruptures or protrudes out of place and causes pressure on the spinal nerveMost common site is lumbar-sacral area; can occur anywhere on spinal column
Symptoms: severe pain, muscle spasm, impaired movement, and/or numbness Treatment Pain, anti-inflammatory, and muscle relaxant medications Rest and traction Physical therapy and massage therapy Chiropractic treatment Heat or cold applications
Laminectomy
: surgical removal of the protruding disk for severe cases
Slide96Slide97Slide98Abnormal curvatures of spinal column
Causes:
poor posture, congenital defects, structural defects of vertebrae, malnutrition, degeneration of vertebrae Treatment: Therapeutic exercises, firm mattresses, and braces Surgical repair for severe deformities
Three types: Kyphosis Scoliosis Lordosis
Slide99Kyphosis
“Hunchback" or rounded bowing of the back at the thoracic area
Slide100Scoliosis
Side-to-side or lateral curvature of spine
Slide101Lordosis
“Swayback" or abnormal inward curvature of lumbar vertebrae
Slide102THE END