AP World History Chapter 23 - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

AP World HistoryChapter 23“Independence and Development in the Global South”

Experiments with Culture:

The Role of Islam in Turkey and IranSlide2

Experiments with Culture

Common issue all across the developing world = how to balance older traditions with modernity and Western culture/outlooks

Older traditions: Hinduism, Confucianism, Islam, etc.

Western outlooks: scientific outlook, technology, capitalism, focus on material values, etc.Good examples of two very different approaches to this issue = Islam in Turkey vs. Islam in IranSlide3

Islam in Turkey

Turkey = new nation created out of the remnants of the Ottoman Empire

1

st leader = General Mustafa Kemal AtatürkWanted to transform Turkey into a modern, secular (non-religious) stateBelieved modernization required the removal of Islam from

public

life, leaving it only to the

personal/private realmResult = he ended the direct political role of Islam in TurkeySlide4

Atatürk: Political and Religious Reforms

Eliminated position of sultan

Abolished the “caliphate” system

Closed many Sufi organizations, sacred tombs, and religious schoolsAbolished many religious titlesDissolved Islamic courtsReplaced the sharia with secular law codes

Encouraged the celebration of pre-Islamic Turkish culture

Entertainment at the Turkish OlympicsSlide5

Atatürk: Social Reforms

Ordered men to abandon the traditional

fez

and wear brimmed hats insteadWomen not forced to wear a veilEncouraged European-style clothingAbolished polygamyWomen granted equal rights in divorce, inheritance, and child custody1934 = women granted the right to vote and hold public office

Public beaches opened to women

Mustafa AtatürkSlide6

Modernization in Iran

Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi ruled Iran from 1941 to 1979

Promoted Iran’s modernization with his “White Revolution”

Redistributed land to many of Iran’s poor peasantsGranted women the right to voteInvested in rural health care and educationStarted many industrial projectsOffered workers a share of industries’ profits

Built a solid alliance with the U.S.Slide7

Modernization in Iran: Growing Opposition

Local merchants = threatened by an explosion of imported Western goods and competition from large businesses

Ulama

(religious leaders) = offended by secular education programs that bypassed Islamic schools, as well as state control of religious institutionsEducated professionals = found Iran’s dependence on the West disturbingRural migrants to the cities = faced rising costs and unemploymentSlide8

Modernization in Iran: Growing Opposition

Mosques = became the main centers for this growing opposition movement

Led by

Shi’ite religious leadersEmerging leader of this movement = Ayatollah

Ruholla

KhomeiniIn 1979 = massive urban demonstrations, strikes, and defections from the military forced the shah to abdicate the throne and leave IranSlide9

The Iranian Revolution (1979)

Also known as the Islamic Revolution

Cultural revolution = exact opposite of

Atatürk’s revolution and reforms in TurkeyGoal = increased Islamization of public lifeNew government = an “Islamic Republic”Technically included a constitution and an elected parliament

In reality = the

ulama

and other religious leaders had dominant powerHeaded by KhomeiniSlide10

The Iranian Revolution: Political Reforms

Purpose of government = to apply the law of Allah as expressed in the

sharia

Judges not competent in Islamic law = dismissedSecular law codes under previous shah = discardedSlide11

The Iranian Revolution: Educational Reforms

200 universities and colleges closed for 2 years while textbooks, curricula, and faculty were “purified” of non-Islamic influences

Elementary and high schools = now gave priority to religious instruction and teaching Arabic

40,000 teachers fired because not “devoted” enough to IslamPre-Islamic history and literature = abandonedSlide12

The Iranian Revolution: Women

1983 = all women required to wear a

hijab

– head-to-toe coveringMilitants/guards = enforced thisPunishments for a “bad” hijab

= harassment, public lashings, or even imprisonment

Sexual segregation in schools, parks, beaches, and public transportation

Legal age of marriage for girls = reduced to 9 with parental consent; 13 (then 15) without itMarried women could not file for divorce or go to schoolSlide13

“Exporting” Islam

Khomeini wanted to spread Islam throughout the world

Wanted the replacement of insufficiently Islamic regimes in the Middle East

Appealed to Shi’ite minorities in Lebanon, Syria, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and IraqIntensified the divide between the Shi’ite minority and the Sunni majority

1980-1989 = war between Khomeini’s Islamized Iran and Saddam Hussein’s highly secularized

IraqSlide14

Maintaining Economic Modernity in Iran

Oil revenues in Iran = fund its development

Early 21

st century = Iran was pursuing nuclear power and (perhaps) nuclear weapons