The Rise amp Fall Of Group Instruction by David V Anderson July 23 2010 Before group instruction Tutoring Agebased group instruction Its flawed Selfpaced schoolrooms In history ID: 601226
Download Presentation The PPT/PDF document "Online Tutored Schoolrooms:" is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
Slide1
Online Tutored Schoolrooms:The Rise & Fall Of Group Instructionby David V. AndersonJuly 23, 2010
Before group instruction: TutoringAge-based group instruction: It’s flawedSelf-paced schoolrooms: In historyDistance learning: Television and onlineTutoring efficiently: Combining what worksMilestones: Anywhere – Anytime - Anything
1Slide2
History of Age-Based Group InstructionIn a Western context:In Reformation, Calvin, Luther &
Zwingli wanted it,As universal literacy was a goal of the Reformation.Group instruction was affordable. Tutoring was not.
Age-based instruction became common in the 16th century,
Particularly in Protestant lands such as Prussia.
Educator Horace
Mann
& others copied Prussian ideas.
2Slide3
Brief History Of Self-Paced SchoolroomsBell & Lancaster developed the “Monitorial” schools circa 1800.
These were very low-cost private schools In England & America.One “paid” teacher managed roughly 200 “self-paced” students.
Dozens of Monitors each led small courses of about 10 pupils.
Monitors
were advanced students provided low cost incentives.
Pupils
moved to a new course as the previous one was mastered.
The student’s age was not a factor in placing a child in a course.
3Slide4
Age-Based Schooling Thrived & Self Paced Varieties Did NotPossible reasons:Lancastrian schools were poorly managed & overcrowded?
Age-based graded schools were government subsidized?Charles Dickens ridiculed them?Lack of metrics showing which
was more effective?
Yet aspects of them survive:
Peer tutoring is often used in efforts to self-pace students.
The one room rural school has had
Lancastrian
aspects.
4Slide5
William Shearer Developed Pliant Grading In 1895Shearer claimed, that “under the usual plan” he found: Those double promoted are pushed too far ahead
Those retained are held too far backUnder Shearer’s Pliant Grading plan:
Academic terms were as short as one month
Children were promoted or not monthly
Several “pacing” groups were in each schoolroom
He claimed, “Ninety Per Cent Gain Time.”
Successful, yes, but was awkward administratively
5Slide6
Boston Globe Testimonial6Slide7
Shearer’s era predates the label “social promotion.”But he understood the concept as his railroad metaphor shows:Imagine the conductor who forces people off a moving train,Because the timetable says the train should be in a station.
Shearer asserted that such a conductor, “…would soon reach the asylum where all such should be confined.”By analogy pupils should be promoted only when they “arrive.”Shearer ran the Elizabeth, New Jersey public schools and under“Pliant Grading” social promotion was significantly reduced.
Shearer’s Metaphor:
The Railroad Timetable
7Slide8
Learning Again That Age Based Group Instruction Is FlawedProficiency standards & testing are now well developed in USA.
National Assessment Of Education Progress (NAEP) is a metric.Only ~30% of U.S. 13-yr olds are proficient in math and science.
Recent
research mapped TIMSS & PISA proficiencies to NAEP.
Anglophone Western world has
~30%
of 13-yr olds proficient.
Continental
Europe has ~40%
of 13
-yr olds proficient.
Developed Asian countries have
~50%
of
13
-yr olds proficient.
8Slide9
Is Social Promotion The Cause Of Low Proficiencies?Yes, social promotion advances the sub-proficient students.Historically,
retention has been the remedy for low proficiencies.Retention’s bad side effects often discourage its use in practice.A purely age-based system, by definition, has social promotion.
A proficiency-based system
, by definition,
has none.
Lancastrian
and/or tutor based systems, have little of it.
9Slide10
Distance Education: AnywhereEarly types include correspondence courses & radio courses.Our most relevant experience begins with televised instruction:
One physics professor teaches 100,000 students in 1957. Before satellite TV courses there was airborne TV.
Many pilots, though successful, were not continued.
Ability to replay recorded content is a key milestone (1980’s):
Courses on tape & DVD introduce the “Anytime” aspect.
Portable Content: Anytime
10Slide11
1957 Television Physics Professor Harvey White’s High School Physics CourseWhite, PBS & The Ford Foundation produced the 163 lessons.
Class teacher was ≈ tutor.Prof’s wages cheap per pupil.Labor productivity up 4X?Rehearsed, polished, compelling.
I know. I was one of 100,000 pupils. I later became a physicist.
11Slide12
Heat Conduction Clip12
Double Click In Picture To Activate VideoRuns less than3 minutesSlide13
Heat Convection Clip13
Double Click In Picture To Activate VideoRuns less than3 minutesSlide14
Heat Radiation Clip14
Double Click In Picture To Activate VideoRuns less than3 minutesSlide15
Flow Of Heat Lesson15
Double Click In Picture To Activate VideoRuns approx.25 minutesSlide16
The Midwest Program On Airborne Television InstructionImagine This:Broadcasting over 20 K-12 courses.
Transmitter is an old DC-6 airliner,Flying at 23,000 feet above Indiana.400 mile range on 2 UHF channels.FCC said “No” to more channels.
Politics limited participation levels.
MPATI operated from 1961 – 1968.
16Slide17
Luddites Slowly LosingDistance education & online schools grow at “glacial” speeds.Much of the institutional blockage to growth is hidden.Wisconsin Virtual Academy was sued by the teachers’ union:
It was settled: WVA could survive but not grow muchFlorida Virtual School played “nice” by keeping teachers happy: FVS kept teacher/student ratios high to deter complaintsPrivate market for online instruction is Luddite free:
Lower costs of online allow tuition cuts & price competition
If private tuitions fall, market shares will rise
17Slide18
The Web Reaches: AnythingDistance learning from anything on the Internet.Augments the pre-existing
anywhere, anytime capabilities.Synchronous two-way audio/video communications.Remote robotics for laboratory experiments.
Low cost content and instruction. Often it is free.
An unparalleled amount of content (anything) that’s accessible.
A facile interface for tutors working with students.
18Slide19
Blended TutoringTutor manages the student’s learning environment.Student is provided hardcopy content as well as e-content.
Student learns primarily online & from hardcopy content.Tutors on-site and remote tutors provide real time help.Automated “cyber tutors” perform some routine tasks.Practice and proctored testing is conducted online.
Students master courses and receive certifications for them.
19Slide20
Tutoring Subspecies Live in person: Manages schoolroom & is expert in content.Remote and live: Help desk staffed with experts.
Peer tutors: Advanced students assist less advanced pupils.Cyber tutors: Programmed interactive instructional feedback.20Slide21
Anywhere & Anytime & AnythingAnywhere- greatly expands the variety of providers
Correspondence courses Distance learning by television & online Anytime- better matches the schedule & pace of student
Individual tutoring, home schooling
Recorded portable content (tapes, DVD, etc.) Online asynchronous (on demand) instruction
Anything
- greatly expands available content & services
Online access markedly increases what’s available
21Slide22
Not Everyone Is Sold On This Right Away! 22Slide23
Unlikely EncounterYou never know who you’ll engage in conversation.I told Mr. Gorbachev, “I am developing online schools to be run by capitalists.” I figured that would get his attention.
Pointing his finger, Mr. G says angrily, “How will poor children be able to afford your capitalistic online schools?”I responded, “This is where government funded vouchers will play a role.”After some discussion with the interpreter he seemed pleased.23Slide24
After Hearing More 24