THE IMPACT OF WATER SECTOR REFORMS ON WOMEN’S ACCESS TO WATER SERVICES IN LAKE VICTORIA - PowerPoint Presentation

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THE IMPACT OF WATER SECTOR REFORMS ON WOMEN’S ACCESS TO WATER SERVICES IN LAKE VICTORIA BASIN

By J.O. Obosi

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Sessional paper no. 1 of 1999 on water in KenyaProvision of water by local authoritieswater sector reforms started in year 2004WASREB- WSB- WSPs

8 WSBs in Kenya: Nairobi, Tana, Tanathi, Northern, Coast, Rift Valley, Lake Victoria North, and Lake Victoria South

Commercialization of provision of water services.

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INTRODUCTION

Governance theory Water as a human right (Article 43(1)(d)Water as a human right and economic goodRolling back of the state functions: neo-liberal approach

Privatization vs commercialization of water servicesWomen rights as human rights

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THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Water departments of Las converted into Water PlCsLVSWB as an agent of WASREBWSPs sign water SPAs for 5 years with WSBs

WSPs included: i PLCs

ii. Comm. Water Projects, iii. Private

Government support through WSTF

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SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS

A sample of 288 households including 127 headed by womenrandomly selected 7 WSPs under LVSWSB

data from both secondary and primary sourcesThe data analyzed using descriptive

statisticsresults presented in simple table statistics.

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METHODOLOGY

Proportion of women with access to water

The distance to water sourcesHouseholds' monthly income

Monthly expenditure on water

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ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS

Overall access women 44.1%; Male 55.9%Rates for women lower in rural areas86.5% receive water within 400m23.5% have piped water in households currently

60.1% had piped water before 2004Order of piped water currently: Kiwasco-

Mikutra- SNWSCO- Chemosit 47.7% maintained same WSP since 2004

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PROPORTION OF ACCESS TO WATER

Access differed with monthly income Income spent on water affects the distance to water supply pointsmean distance of 290m in 2004 Current mean distance of 211.7m in all WSPs

reduction in distance from respective water sources highest in Nyasare and least in Kiwasco

Community projects have shorter distances than PLCs

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DISTANCE FROM WATER POINTS

Mean monthly income currently is Kshs 18167.03Mean income before 2004 Kshs

was Kshs 16,417Income highest in

Kiwasco

(29167.25/=) and lowest in Mogombet (12667.9/=) p.m.

Income in 2004 highest at

Kiwasco

23667.1/=) and lowest at Boya (10666.9/=) p.m.

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HOUSEHOLDS' MONTHLY INCOME

Mean expend. on water is Kshs 453.79 p.m.Mean expend.in

2004 Kshs is Kshs 243.58 p.m.As proportion of current income is 2.5%

As proportion income in 2004 was 1.48% p.m.Mean below UNDP’s recommendation of 3%Mean expenditure higher in PLCs than in comm. Water projects

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EXPENDITURE PER HOUSEHOLD BY WSP

water sector reforms not yet increased access to affordable and quality water in the right quantity at the right timethe commercialization of the water provision services has not done enough to justify its existencehouseholds have further been impoverished the water sector reforms

Increased expend. On water reduced expenditure on other items by and for women

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CONCLUSION

enhancing the direct financing of the community based water projects without going through WSBsDevelopment of more water infrastructure to reverse the current centrifugal pattern to urban areas at the expense of rural areas

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RECOMMENDATIONS

END

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