Clamydia - PowerPoint Presentation

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Clamydia, Rubella, Herpes and CMV

TORCHSlide2

TORCH testsThe five categories of organisms whose antibodies are measured by the  TORCH test are grouped together because they can cause abortion for pregnant woman and/or birth defects in newborns.Toxoplasmosis.Others e.g: Chlamydia,

syphilis, hepatitis B, coxsackie virus, Epstein-Barr virus, varicella-zoster virus(chickenpox), and humanparvovirus.Rubella.Cytomegalovirus(CMV).

H

erpes

(HSV)Slide3

There are several causes for abortion, some of them are related to viral infection from these viruses:Cytomegalovirus ( CMV).Rubella.Herpes.Other non-viral causative agents for abortion include:ClamydiaToxoplasma

gondii (parasite)The main routes of transmission are across: Placenta (transplacental)

 Birth canal.Slide4

Small obligate intracellular parasite.Confusion occurred by the discovery of Chlamydia as it was classified as both bacteria and virus.It is classified as virus for it’s:Basophilic staining in the host cell to form the elementary body, which are small, dense and about 0.3u in diameter.Intracellular microorganism, they can’t synthesize ATP, but use the host cell for this purpose.

ChlamydiaSlide5

Causes for classification of chlamydia as bacteria:They have both DNA and RNA.Have their self-metabolic system.They are able to grow and multiply by binary fission.They are surrounded by a cell membrane.Response to antibiotic therapy.Slide6

Species of chlamydiaC. psittsci, cause psittacosis.C. lymphogranulomatis, cause lymphogranuloma venerum ( LGV).C. trachomatis

, cause conjuctival and cornea disease (Trachoma)C. occulogenitalis, cause conjunctivitis.Slide7

Psittacosis:Is a respiratory disease of man acquired from contact with infected birds, which excretes the organism in their stool.It causes infection in the upper respiratory system and pneumonia.Laboratory diagnosis:Sputum and blood test.Smear to show elementary bodies. ELISA.  PCRSlide8

isolation: by inoculation of the yolk sack of an embryonated egg or intracerebral, intranasal or intraperitonial injection into a mice.Serological tests:Complement fixation.Agglutination test.Neutralization test.Slide9
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Lymphogranuloma venerum:It is a venereal disease characterized by:Enlargement of lymph regional lymph nodes, tend to form sinuses.Infect the urethral parts and cause urethritis and is accompanied by systemic symptoms.Laboratory diagnosis:Smears (biopsy from the infected lymph node), pus cells can be seen in infected LN and stain (elementary bodies)

Culture: is not useful as it will give negative result and resist all antibiotics.Slide11

C. Trachomatis:Causes Chlamydial infection which is a sexually transmitted disease (STD)Causes Trachoma by it’s growth in the conjunctival and cornea cells of the eye causing kerato-conjunctivitis.If passed to the baby during the passage through the birth canal,

chlamydia can cause conjunctivitis and pneumonia.Slide12

Many women who are infected do not even realize it because they often have no symptoms. However, when untreated, chlamydia can cause a scarring infection of the woman's internal reproductive organs, increasing her risk of a potentially fatal tubal pregnancy.Laboratory diagnosis:Smear(eye swab).ELISA (IgM, IgG or IgA).Slide13

RubellaRubella is a rather mild disease spread by the way of respiratory secretion, skin contact or congenitally.Cause German measles, causing the following symptoms:Firstly, catarrhal symptoms and mild fever.Irregular rash.Incubation period is (3-4) weeks. The tragic aspect of Rubella may become evident of infection occurs during pregnancy.MMR vaccine .(IgG pesist for life)Slide14

symptomsThe virus can cross placental wall and infect the fetus, this may lead to fetal death or congenital defect which may be:Hearing lossMental retardationheart disease retarded growthblood disorders vision problemspneumoniaSlide15

Laboratory DiagnosisComplement fixation.Neutralization test.Heme agglutination inhibition (HAI).ELISA IgM and IgG.Slide16

Herpes Human Viruses (HHV)There are eight types of herpes viruses known to affect humans:HSV1 (Herpes Simplex Virus 1 commonly known as oral herpes)HSV2 (Herpes Simplex Virus 2 commonly known as genital herpes)HHV3 - VZV (Varicella Zoster Virus commonly known as chickenpox or shingles)HHV4 - EBV (Ebstein Barr Virus commonly known as infectious mononucleosis [mono or glandular fever])Slide17

HHV5 - CMV (Cytomegolo Virus is the most common virus transmitted to a pregnant woman's unborn child)HHV6 - Roseolovirus more commonly known as the 6th disease or Roseola InfantumHHV7 - Similar to HHV6 (not yet classified)HHV8 - A type of rhadinovirus known as the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)Slide18

Herpes simplex virusThere are two forms of the herpes simplex virus:Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1)Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2).HSV-2HSV-1Genital area

Oral cavity(mouth)Area of infectionsexuallyBy contactTransmissionSlide19

HSV-1also commonly referred to as fever blisters, oral herpes.It is a viral infection of the skin that may occur once or return again and again. some factors that may trigger it to return:StressFeverMenstruation CycleFatigueCertain foodsPregnancySlide20

HSV-2Genital herpes outbreaks are contagious viral infection that affects primarily the genitals of men and women.It is characterized by recurrent clusters of lesions in the genital areas. It is sexually transmitted (STD)Slide21

Varicella zoster Infection with the varicell virus can cause chicken pox and shinglesIt can be spread through contact with the sneezes or coughs of an infected person.becoming infected during pregnancy can cause serious complications to newborn:Scarring malformed limbsdamage to the eyes and brain.Slide22

Diagnosis of HSV and herpes zosterViral culture. Tzanck smear.Direct immunofluorescence study with monoclonal antibodies (DFA)

Type-specific serologic tests for HSV.Slide23

Cytomegalo virus (CMV)CMV is also called salivary gland virus which may infect salivary glands or parotid gland.An increase number of infections with the virus have reported in adults with neoplastic disease, leukemia or tissue transplation. we can isolate this virus from all body fluids.Slide24

Symptoms of congenital CMV90% of congenital CMV cases are asymptomatic at birth.0.5 –15% of these are at risk for psychomotor, hearing, neurologic, ocular, or dental abnormalities within first few years of life. microcephaly, seizures, petechial rash also can be manifeted.10% of cases may have sensorineural hearing loss.Slide25

Laboratory diagnosisHistopathological studies, this virus leads to the formation of certain inclusion in the infected cells.Virus isolation.ELISA(IgM and IgG)Note: when we measure IgG

, it rarely negative and often positive, so we determine the titer, suppose it is 300 IU/ml, after 2-3 weeks we make follow up and do the CMV again:The titer in the same level or less it is negative.The titer is higher, it is positive.Slide26