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Downloaded By Stanford University At 1820 30 October 2009 Downloaded By Stanford University At 1820 30 October 2009 to do cards ie they turned procedure was similar projecting falsity to ID: 335181

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REASONING ABOUT A Two experiments positive inference from conditional sentences follows from not-Q, requires information presented conditional sentence. Downloaded By: [Stanford University] At: 18:20 30 October 2009 Downloaded By: [Stanford University] At: 18:20 30 October 2009 to do cards, i.e. they turned procedure was similar, projecting falsity too quickly statistics students on separate cards one side card, then there one side card, then side.” These were mentioned. each sentence were four numbers on their front, (in brackets) their back: in each tested with sentence was placed were placed line in a random order cards with their front numbers on their back experimenter pointed sentence was experimenter pointed which would The other combination was both in comply with hence rejected. responses in different phases control groups respectively. a greater revised selections that the increases over the task experimental group from two group. The significantly in experimental group is not experimental group these eight, in their revised selection. be induced, is induced no means that the most frequent all four responsible for doing this sub- selected all revised selection. these cases falsification render all values acceptable for the truth The invitation these cases seemed in an arbitrary indiscriminate response bearing on subse- is selected both the experimental group (eight cases) Downloaded By: [Stanford University] At: 18:20 30 October 2009 because, on revised selection, was selected only a much greater tendency it to This experiment subjects cannot even perform exercise. Two revealed one four values when presented to turn these over because values which “could (i.e. falsify over because was useless. be in- conceived, for rule is “There is no rule regarding restricted Contingency given conditional sentence, only one contingency then they select values a greater had not had this is used because programme was crucial for falsification, Downloaded By: [Stanford University] At: 18:20 30 October 2009 REASONING ABOUT VALUES SELECTED IN because all Downloaded By: [Stanford University] At: 18:20 30 October 2009 then there be found been associated not to been associated with are tempted no such rule would be refuted. obtained initially results, however, still disquieting. right (Inhelder present investigation should formal operations. in these formulating propositions exactly what singularly fail do. The but they formal operations is completely achieved adolescence, even among may not, causes difficulty much as customary verbal words suggests time, or even expression, “Q even more difficulty. formulated with Johnson-Laird (personal communication) has reported makes a considerable difference be detected This problem be generalized. responsible for difficulty, or is words with express these rules the latter, particularly indebted this paper. should also like Roger Wales, generously giving facilities for subjects. Their Basic Books. fallacious reasoning. negative information. binary statements.