httpwwwcswrightedutkprasad Prasad 1 U3SolarSystem SOLAR SYSTEM The Sun Prasad U3SolarSystem 3 Dwarf Planets Over 150 moons satellites of the planets Comets meteors asteroids ID: 367190
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The Solar System : Planets
http://www.cs.wright.edu/~tkprasad
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SOLAR SYSTEM
The Sun
Prasad
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3+ Dwarf Planets
Over 150 moons /
satellites of the
planets
Comets, meteors, asteroids,
and interplanetary dust/space
2
8 Planets Slide3
Simplified Evolution of Solar System
In
the
beginning,
our
Solar System was a huge disc of dirt, rocks, gas, ice, etc.
In the middle of this disc, the Sun formed itself and began to glow.
In some distances from the centre, the planets emerged from these rings of dirt, rocks and gas.Slide4
Scale of Solar System : DistancesSlide5
Scale of Solar System : SizesSlide6
SUN : The Star
Composition: 75% hydrogen and 25% helium by mass
Age: The Sun’s age is about
5 billion years. Differential rotation duration
At the equator the surface rotates once every 25.4 days
w
hile near the poles it rotates once every 36 days
Core conditions
Temperature is 15.6 million Kelvin
Pressure is 250 billion atmospheres
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Sun’s energy comes from
nuclear fusion (in which hydrogen
is converted to helium within sun’s core). This energy is released as heat and light.
Our sun is classified as a
yellow
main sequence star.
A star’s temperature determines its “color.” The coldest stars are
red
. The hottest stars are
blue
.
Surface temperature (Corona) :
60000 K
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Geocentric vs. Heliocentric Theory
Geocentric Theory
(or “Ptolemaic” Theory – pronounced “Tole
-ah-may-
ic
”) is an ancient view of the universe based primarily on religion, philosophy, and mathematical ideals.
Heliocentric Theory
(or “Copernican” Theory) is a revised view of the universe based on the studies of Nicholas Copernicus, who was a mathematician in the 1500’s.
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PLANETS
A planet
is a large, round heavenly body that orbits a star and shines with light reflected from the star.
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The Planets of the Solar System
Planets are categorized according to
composition
and size
. There are two main categories of planets:
Small rocky planets
(Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, and Pluto)
Gas giants
(Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune)
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PLANETS: Revised Definition
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In the Solar System, a
planet
is a celestial body that:
is in orbit around the Sun,
has sufficient mass to assume
hydrostatic equilibrium (a nearly
round shape), and has "cleared the neighbourhood"
around its orbit.A non-satellite body fulfilling only the first two of these criteria is classified as a "dwarf planet". Slide13
Revised Planets of the Solar System
8 Planets
Small rocky planets
(Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars)
Gas giants
(Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune)
5 Dwarf Planets
Ceres, Pluto,
Haumea
,
Makemake
, and Eris.
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The Relative Size of the Planets in the Solar System
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What are the nine planets?
HINT
: My Very Educated Mother Just Showed Us Nine
Planets
My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nachos
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Pluto
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MERCURY
Closest planet to the sunAbout the size of Earth’s moonTakes 88 days to complete one revolution around the sun
No atmosphere
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MERCURY
Orbithighly eccentric (oval)
perihelion (closest point) is 46 million km
aphelion (farthest point) is 70 million kmAppears to travel fastest
8th largest in size
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VENUS
2nd planet from Sun6th largest in sizeBrightest object in the early morning/evening sky
Also called “morning star” and “evening star”
Very dry atmosphere
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VENUS
Greenhouse Effect:Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere traps heat causing the surface temperature to increase
upto 9000
F.Inferior/Inner planetShows
phases
when viewed from Earth
Galileo observed phases
Copernicus used data to develop heliocentric theory.
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EARTH: The Blue Planet
3rd planet from the Sun
period of rotation: 24 hoursperiod of revolution: 365.25 days
It is called the blue planet because of waterEarth’s surface is composed of 71% water
Oceans help maintain Earth’s stable temperatures.
Only planet with known
life
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Earth has a distinct atmosphere.
It screens Earth’s surface from harmful radiation from the sun.
It prevents meteorites from reaching Earth’s surface.
It traps heat to help maintain Earth’s stable temperatures.
Scattering of light by the atmosphere makes the sky look
blue
in the day time and
red
at sunset/sunrise.
Otherwise, sky would have looked dark even in day time.
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Earth has one moon, about
1/6 mass of earth.
It takes the same amount of time for the moon to rotate once on its axis as it does for it to orbit the earth (27.3 days).
Thus, the same side of the moon always faces us.
The moon’s surface is covered in dust and rocky debris from meteor impacts.
It has no water or atmosphere.
The dark areas of the moon are large craters called
maria
(Latin: “seas”).
EARTH’s Moon
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The moon reflects light from the sun onto the earth’s surface. Sometimes the moon may appear reddish-brown in color as the sunlight is deflected through dust in the earth’s atmosphere.
The moon’s gravitational effects on the earth are most apparent in the “coming” and “going” of the tides
.
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EARTH
Age
: At least 4 1/2 billion years
Mass: 6,600,000,000,000,000,000,000 (6.6 sextillion) tons (6.0 sextillion metric tons).
Surface features
:
Highest land
—Mount Everest, 29,035 feet (8,850 meters) above sea level.
Lowest land
—shore of Dead Sea, about 1,310 feet (399 meters) below sea.
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Temperature
: Highest, 136 °F (58 °C) at Al Aziziyah, Libya.
Lowest, -128.6 °F (-89.6 °C) at Vostok
Station in Antarctica. Average surface temperature, 59 °F (15 °C).
Chemical makeup of the earth's crust (in percent of the crust's weight)
:
oxygen 46.6, silicon 27.7, aluminum 8.1, iron 5.0, calcium 3.6, sodium 2.8, potassium 2.6, magnesium 2.0, and other elements totaling 1.6.
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Temperature:
Highest, 134 °F (56.7 °C) at Greenland Ranch in Death Valley, CA on July 10, 1913. Lowest, -128.6 °F (-89.6 °C) at
Vostok Station in Antarctica. Average surface temperature,
59 °F (15 °C).Chemical makeup of the earth's crust (in percent of the crust's weight)
:
oxygen 46.6, silicon 27.7, aluminum 8.1, iron 5.0, calcium 3.6, sodium 2.8, potassium 2.6, magnesium 2.0, and other elements totaling 1.6.
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Size Comparison: Radius
Radius of Sun ~ 440,000 milesRadius of Earth ~ 4000 milesRadius of Moon ~ 1080 miles
Radius of Sun is 110 times the radius of Earth (10 times the radius of Jupiter), and radius of Earth is 4 times the radius of Moon.
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MARS: The Red planet
Mars is the 4th Planet from the SunSolid carbon dioxide is found at the poles
Mars is known as the Red Planet because its soil is red colored
Mons Olympus – largest volcanoMoons:
Phobos
and
Deimos
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Asteroid Belt : Between Mars and Jupiter
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JUPITER
5
th
planet from the sunLargest planet in the solar systemJupiter contains over 70% of the mass in the solar system outside the Sun.
It is about 11 times the radius and 330 times the mass of the earth.
One-tenth the radius of the sun
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2nd brightest planet in the sky
It is the first representative of the outer solar system.Unlike the
inner planets, Jupiter is not a solid body, but instead is a ball of gas and liquid (mostly hydrogen and helium).
Galeilian Moons:
Io,
Europa
,
Callisto
, Ganymede
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Io
Europa
Giant red spotSlide32
SATURN
Sixth planet from the sun.
Saturn is a gas giant with strong surface winds (500 m/sec).
Saturn is less dense than water.
Saturn’s magnetic field is 20
x
less than Jupiter's, but its core rotation period (10.5 hours) is similar.
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SATURN’s Moons
Titan is larger than planet Mercury!
Mimas
has a huge crater. Epimetheus
and Janus, just inside the orbit of
Mimas
, are continually exchanging orbits with one another in a "waltz" -- they are called the
co-orbital satellites
.
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URANUS
Seventh planet from the sun
Most distant planet you can see without using a telescope
Has faint rings
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NEPTUNE
Eighth planet from the sunThe blue coloration of Neptune is probably due to the presence of methane
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Discovery of Uranus and Neptune
Sir William Herschel in England discovered Uranus on March 13,
1781.Irregularities in the predicted
orbit of Uranus led astronomers Urbain
Le
Verrier
in
Paris
and
John Couch Adams in Cambridge to separately begin calculations to determine the nature and position of
a new planet. Eventually, Neptune was discovered on September 23, 1846 by Berlin Observatory
.It was a sensational moment for 19th century science and dramatic confirmation of
Newton’s gravitational theory. PrasadU3_SolarSystem
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PLUTO : Dwarf planet
Formerly, ninth planet from the sunPluto used to be the farthest and the smallest planet from the sunRocky surface surrounded by frozen gases
Pluto was located by 24-year old Clyde Tombaugh
and named in 1930.
The name Pluto was proposed by
Venetia
Burney
, a
eleven-year-old schoolgirl in
Oxford
, England, after the name for the god of the
underworld.Prasad
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Pluto has only one moon,
Charon
, and was discovered only in 1978.
Charon is half the size of Pluto itself, which is unusually large for a moon.
Because they are so close in size, sometimes Pluto and Charon are considered to be double-planet.
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Planets and Greek Mythology
Mercury (Hermes) is the god of commerce, travel and thievery in Roman mythology. The
planet probably received this name because it moves so quickly across the sky.Venus (Aphrodite) is the Roman goddess of love and beauty.
The planet is aptly named since it makes a beautiful sight in the sky, with only the Sun and the Moon being brighter.
Earth (Gaia
) is the only planet whose English name does not derive from Greek/Roman mythology.
The
name derives from Old English and Germanic.
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Planets and Greek Mythology
Mars (Ares) is the Roman god of War. The planet probably got this name due to its red color.
Jupiter (Zeus) was the King of the Gods in Roman mythology, making the name a good choice for
the largest planet in our solar system.
Saturn (Cronus)
is the Roman god of agriculture
.
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Planets and Greek Mythology
Uranus is the ancient Roman deity of the Heavens, the earliest supreme god.Neptune (Poseidon),
was the Roman god of the Sea. Given the beautiful blue color of this planet, the name is an excellent choice!Pluto (Hades) is the Roman god of the underworld in Roman mythology. Perhaps the planet received this name because it's so far from the Sun that it is in perpetual darkness.
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Planet Temperatures
All planets revolve around the sun and are all at different distances from the sun.
The farther the planet is away from the sun, the colder it will be.
Planet
Temp. (C)
Mercury
150
Venus
450
Earth
0
Mars
-50
Jupiter
-150
Saturn
-190
Uranus
-210
Neptune
-230
Pluto
-250
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Planet’s Distance
from the Sun
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Number of Moons for Each Planet
Each planet has a different number of moons.
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Planet
Moons
Mercury, Venus
0
Earth
1
Mars
2
Jupiter63Saturn61
Uranus27Neptune
13
Pluto has 3 moons.Slide45
Three ways
of Discovering Planets of other stars
Observe a slight “wobble
” of the star due to gravitational effects of the planet.
Observe
variation
in
the
brightness of star due to
eclipse as the planet passes between
us and the star (or in total light received as
star eclipses the planet).Observe variation of pulsation
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Wobble Amplified: Motion of two revolving bodies under mutual gravity
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If the mass of the
star
is much higher than
the mass of the
planet
,
then the distance of
the center of the mass
is much closer to the starthan to the planet. Slide47
Wobble Amplified: Motion of two revolving bodies under mutual gravity
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Telltale Tug of a PlanetPrasad
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Star eclipsing planet, reducing total light
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Planet eclipsing star, reducing total light
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Examples
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap050510.html First image of a extra-solar planet. http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap000807.html
The planet was discovered by the gravitational wobble it created on its parent star, Epsilon Eridani
. http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap090923.htmlCoRoT-7b was discovered by noting a predictable slight decrease in the brightness of its parent star
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap991115.html
Combination of wobble and partial eclipse.
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Beyond Planets: Kuiper Belt
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Kuiper
belt (30-100 AU)
contains 100,000 comets
Oort
cloud extends out
to about 50,000 AUSlide54
Solar System
Debris : Comets
Comet Halley (1986)
Comet Hale-Bopp (1997)
Short Period Comets
Long Period Comets
50-200 year
orbits
Halley’s period : 76 year
Orbits close to ecliptic
Originate
in
Kuiper
Belt
10
5
or 10
6
year orbits
Orbits:
random orientations
and
large
ellipticities
Originate
in
Oort
CloudSlide55
Comet TrajectorySlide56
Perseid Meteor Shower in August
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6XTBrYWrey0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8XVjT1gnYLg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7lIhQNvLkaY&NR=1
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Leonid Meteor Shower: Debris from Comet Tempel
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Leonid Meteor Shower in November
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Why Meteor Shower is best after Midnight ?
Rotational Velocity
Orbital Velocity
MidnightSlide60
Two Showers for Halley