Chapter 3a - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Chapter 3a

Compartmentation: Cells and TissuesSlide2

About this Chapter

Body compartments

Biological membranes

Intracellular compartments

Tissue types and characteristics

Tissue remodeling

OrgansSlide3

Three Major Body Cavities

Figure 3-1

Pleural

sac

Pericardial

sac

Diaphragm

Pelvic

cavity

Abdominal

cavity

Abdominopelvic

cavity

POSTERIOR

ANTERIOR

Cranial cavity

Thoracic

cavitySlide4

Body CavitiesSlide5

Lumens of Hollow Organs

Hollow organs

Heart

Lungs

Blood vessels

IntestinesLumenNot the internal environmentSlide6

Functional Compartments

Outside Body

Extracellular

fluid

Plasma

Interstitial fluid

Intracellular fluid

Organelles and vacuolesSlide7

Body Fluid Compartments

Figure 3-2

ICF

ECF

Plasma

Interstitial fluid

Intracellular fluid

Blood vessel

Cell

membrane

Cell membrane

Blood

cells

Capillary wallSlide8

Cell Membrane: Overview

Membranes in the body

Figure 3-3

Cell

Loose connective

tissue

Seen magnified, the pericardial

membrane is a layer of flattened

epithelial cells supported by

connective tissue.

The

pericardial membrane

is a

tissue that surrounds the heart.

Each cell of the

pericardial membrane

has a cell membrane

surrounding it.

The

cell membrane

is a phospholipidbilayer.

Pericardialmembrane

HeartSlide9

Cell Membrane:

Functions

Physical barrier

Gateway for exchange

Communication

Cell structureSlide10

Cell Membrane: Structure

The fluid mosaic model of a biological membrane

Figure 3-4

Cholesterol

molecules insert

themselves into

the lipid layer.

Carbohydrate group

of

glycoprotein

Carbohydrate group

of

glycolipid

Extracellular surface

of membrane

Phospholipid heads face the

aqueous intracellular and

extracellular compartments.

Lipid tails form the interior

layer of the membrane.

Intracellular

surface of

membrane

Membrane

splits into layers

in freeze-fracture

electron

microscopy.

ProteinsSlide11

Proteins

Integral

Peripheral

Lipid-anchored

Cell Membrane: Composition

Lipids

PhospholipidsSphingolipidsCholesterolSlide12

Cell Membrane: Composition

Table 3-1Slide13

Cell Membrane:

Structure and Formation

Phospholipids

have polar and non-polar regions

Figure 3-5a

Phospholipid molecules

have polar heads and nonpolar tails.

The “R” group is a variable polar group.

Nonpolar

fatty acid

tail

(hydrophobic)

Polar head

(hydrophilic)

Stylized model

Molecular models

Structural model

(a)Slide14

Figure 3-5b

Cell Membrane: Formation

Membrane phospholipids form

bilayers

, micelles, or

liposomes

Phospholipids arrange themselves so that their

nonpolar tails are not in contact with aqueous

solutions such as extracellular fluid.

Phospholipid

bilayer

forms a sheet.

Micelles

are dropletsof phospholipids.

Liposomes havean aqueous center. Tails

(b)Slide15

Cell Membrane: Proteins

The three types of membrane proteins: integral, peripheral, and lipid-anchored

Figure 3-6

Peripheral protein

Glycoprotein

Peripheral

protein

Integral

(transmembrane)

protein

Cytoskeleton

proteins

Lipid-anchored

proteins

CytoplasmSlide16

Cell Membrane: Lipid Rafts

Sphingolipids and alkaline phosphatase

Figure 3-8Slide17

Cell Membrane Components

Figure 3-9

Cholesterol

Proteins

Phospholipids, Sphingolipids

Carbohydrates

Glycoproteins

Lipid bilayer

Glycolipids

Cell

recognition

Immune

response

Structural

stabilityCELL MEMBRANE

consists oftogether form

functions as

together form

together formwhose functions include

Selective barrier

between cytosol andexternal environmentSlide18

Intracellular Compartments

Cytoplasm

Cytosol

Inclusions

Organelles

NucleusSlide19

Cell Compartments

A map for the study of cell structure

Figure 3-11

Cytoplasm

Cytosol

Nucleus

Cell

membrane

THE CELL

is composed of

• Lipid droplets

• Glycogen granules• Ribosomes• Vaults

• Proteasomes• Cytoskeleton

• Centrioles

• Centrosomes• Cilia• FlagellaInclusions

• Mitochondria• Endoplasmic reticulum• Golgi complex• Lysosomes

• Peroxisomes

Membranousorganelles

Extracellular fluidSlide20

Inclusions Have No Membranes

Ribosomes

Free

Fixed

Polyribosomes

Proteasomes

VaultsRNA/proteinSlide21

Cytoplasmic Proteins Fibers

Actin (microfilaments)

Intermediate

Myosin

Keratin

NeurofilamentsMicrotubulesTubulin

Centrioles, cilia, flagellaSlide22

Microtubule function

Centrioles

Pull chromosomes

Form core in cilia

Cilia and flagella

Fluid movementSlide23

Centrioles

Figure 3-13a–bSlide24

Cilia and Flagella

Figure 3-13c–dSlide25

Cytoskeleton: Function

Cell shape

Internal organization

Intracellular transport

Assembly of cells into tissues

MovementSlide26

Cytoskeleton and Cytoplasmic Protein Fibers

Figure 3-14

(b)

Microvilli

increase

cell surface area.

They are supported

by microfilaments.

Microfilaments

form

a network just inside

the cell membrane.

Microtubules

are the largest

cytoskeleton fiber.

Intermediate

filaments

include

myosin and keratin.

(a)Slide27

Figure 3-15

Cytoskeleton and Cytoplasmic Protein Fibers

Motor proteins move on cytoskeletal fibers

Cytoskeletal fiber

Organelle

Motor

protein

Direction of

movement

ATPSlide28

Mitochondria

Membrane-enclosed compartments

Unique DNA

Site of cellular ATP generationSlide29

Mitochondria

Figure 3-16

Matrix is the

innermost

compartment.

Cytosolic side

of membrane

Outer

membrane

Inner membrane

Cytoplasm

of cell

Matrix

Cristae

The intermembrane

space forms

a compartment.Slide30

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Smooth ER

Synthesis of fatty acids, steroids, lipids

Modified forms in liver, kidney, muscles

Rough ER

Rows of ribosomesProtein assembly and modificationSlide31

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Figure 3-17

Ribosomes are attached

to cytosolic side of rough

endoplasmic reticulum.

Lumen of

endoplasmic

reticulum

Endoplasmic

reticulum

Smooth

endoplasmic

reticulum