Figure 2601a Figure 2601b Figure 2601ba Figure 2601bb Figure 2601c Figure 2602 Chapter Thread HighTech Babies LM Figure 261 LM Figure 262 Figure 263 Eggs Two offspring ID: 698109
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Slide1
Figure 26.0-1
Why Reproduction MattersSlide2
Figure 26.0-1aSlide3
Figure 26.0-1bSlide4
Figure 26.0-1baSlide5
Figure 26.0-1bbSlide6
Figure 26.0-1cSlide7
Figure 26.0-2
Chapter
Thread:
High-Tech
Babies
LMSlide8
Figure 26.1
LMSlide9
Figure 26.2Slide10
Figure 26.3
Eggs
Two
offspring
arising from
a
sexual
r
eproduction
by
fissionSlide11
Figure 26.4
EggsSlide12
Figure 26.5
Rectum
Vas deferens
Epididymis
Testis
Urinary bladder
Pubic bone
Erectile
tissue
Penis
Testicle
Glans
Prostate gland
Vas deferens
Epididymis
Seminal
v
esicle
(behind
bladder
)
Erectile
tissue
of
penis
Urethra
Glans of penis
Scrotum
Testis
Testicle
Urinary
bladder
Side view
Front
view
Urethra
Prepuce
Scrotum
Seminal
vesicle
Vas
deferens
Sperm
duct
Prostate
gland
AnusSlide13
Figure 26.5-1
Side
view
Prostate
gland
Rectum
Seminal
vesicle
Vas
deferens
Sperm
duct
Anus
Vas deferens
Epididymis
Testis
Urinary bladder
Pubic bone
Erectile
tissue
Urethra
Penis
Testicle
Glans
Prepuce
ScrotumSlide14
Figure 26.5-2
Prostate gland
Vas deferens
Epididymis
Seminal
v
esicle
(behind
bladder
)
Erectile
tissue
of
penis
Urethra
Glans of penis
Scrotum
Testis
Testicle
Urinary
bladder
Front
viewSlide15
Figure 26.6
Side view
Vaginal opening
Rectum
Cervix
Vagina
Anus
Pubic bone
Urethra
Shaft
Glans
Prepuce
Clitoris
Vulva
Labia
minora
Labia
majora
Front
view
Oviduct
Ovary
Uterus
Urinary bladder
Ovaries
Oviduct
Follicles
Corpus luteum
Wall of uterus
Vagina
Uterus
Endometrium
(lining of uterus
)
Cervix
(“neck” of uterus
)Slide16
Figure 26.6-1
Side view
Rectum
Cervix
Oviduct
Ovary
Uterus
Urinary bladder
Pubic bone
Urethra
Shaft
Glans
Prepuce
Clitoris
Vulva
Vagina
Anus
Vaginal opening
Labia minora
Labia majoraSlide17
Figure 26.6-2
Ovaries
Oviduct
Follicles
Corpus luteum
Wall of uterus
Vagina
Uterus
Front
view
Endometrium
(lining of uterus
)
Cervix
(“
neck” of uterus)Slide18
Figure 26.7
Epididymis
Cell division continuously
produces new cells
2
n
Testis
Scrotum
Penis
Diploid cell
Differentiation and
onset of meiosis
I
2
n
Primary spermatocyte
Meiosis
I
completed
(diploid)
Testis
Seminiferous
tubule
Cross
section of
seminiferous
tubule
n
n
Secondary spermatocyte
(haploid)
Meiosis
II
n
n
n
n
Developing sperm cells
Cellular differentiation
(cells become specialized)
n
Sperm cells
(haploid)
Mature sperm released into
center of seminiferous tubule
n
n
nSlide19
Figure 26.7-1
Epididymis
Testis
Scrotum
Penis
Testis
Seminiferous
tubule
Cross
section of
seminiferous
tubuleSlide20
Figure 26.7-2-s1
2
n
Diploid cellSlide21
Figure 26.7-2-s2
2
n
Diploid cell
Differentiation and
onset of meiosis
I
2
n
Primary spermatocyte
(diploid)Slide22
Figure 26.7-2-s3
2
n
Diploid cell
Differentiation and
onset of meiosis
I
2
n
Primary spermatocyte
(diploid)
Meiosis
I
completed
Secondary spermatocyte
(haploid)
n
nSlide23
Figure 26.7-2-s4
Diploid cell
Differentiation and
onset of meiosis
I
Primary spermatocyte
(diploid)
Meiosis
I
completed
Secondary spermatocyte
(haploid)
Meiosis
II
Developing sperm cells
2
n
2
n
n
n
n
n
n
nSlide24
Figure 26.7-2-s5
Diploid cell
Differentiation and
onset of meiosis
I
Primary spermatocyte
(diploid)
Meiosis
I
completed
Secondary spermatocyte
(haploid)
Meiosis
II
Developing sperm cells
Cellular differentiation
(cells become specialized)
Sperm cells
(haploid)
Mature sperm released into
center of seminiferous tubule
2
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
2
nSlide25
Figure 26.8
Primary
oocyte
within
follicle
Before birth
2
n
Differentiation
and onset of
meiosis
I
2
n
Primary oocyte
(diploid)
n
First
polar
body
n
Entry of sperm
triggers
completion
of meiosis
II
Secondary oocyte
(haploid)
n
Second
polar body
Mature egg (ovum)
(haploid)
Diploid cell
in embryo
Growing
follicle
Completion of
meiosis
I
and
onset of
meiosis
II
Mature follicle
Ruptured
follicle
Secondary
oocyte
Ovary
A secondary oocyte being
released during ovulation
n
Corpus
luteum
LM
Ovulated
secondary oocyte
arrested at prophase
of meiosis
I
; present
at birth
arrested at metaphase
of meiosis
IISlide26
Figure 26.8-1
Primary
oocyte
within
follicleSlide27
Figure 26.8-2-s1
Before birth
2
n
Differentiation
and onset of
meiosis
I
2
n
Primary oocyte
(diploid)
Diploid cell
in embryo
Primary
oocyte
within
follicle
arrested at prophase
of meiosis
I
; present
at birthSlide28
Figure 26.8-2-s2
Before birth
2
n
Differentiation
and onset of
meiosis
I
2
n
Primary oocyte
(diploid)
Diploid cell
in embryo
Primary
oocyte
within
follicle
arrested at prophase
of meiosis
I
; present
at birth
n
n
Secondary oocyte
(haploid)
arrested at metaphase
of meiosis
II
Growing
follicle
Completion of
meiosis
I
and
onset of
meiosis
II
Mature
follicle
First
polar
bodySlide29
Figure 26.8-2-s3
Before birth
2
n
Differentiation
and onset of
meiosis
I
2
n
Primary oocyte
(diploid)
Diploid cell
in embryo
Primary
oocyte
within
follicle
arrested at prophase
of meiosis
I
; present
at birth
n
n
Secondary oocyte
(haploid)
arrested at metaphase
of meiosis
II
Growing
follicle
Completion of
meiosis
I
and
onset of
meiosis
II
Mature
follicle
First
polar
body
Ruptured
follicle
Ovulated
secondary
oocyteSlide30
Figure 26.8-2-s4
Before birth
2
n
Differentiation
and onset of
meiosis
I
2
n
Primary oocyte
(diploid)
Diploid cell
in embryo
Primary
oocyte
within
follicle
arrested at prophase
of meiosis
I
; present
at birth
n
n
Secondary oocyte
(haploid)
arrested at metaphase
of meiosis
II
Growing
follicle
Completion of
meiosis
I
and
onset of
meiosis
II
Mature
follicle
First
polar
body
Ruptured
follicle
Ovulated
secondary
oocyte
Entry of sperm
triggers
completion
of meiosis
II
n
Second
polar body
Mature egg (ovum)
(haploid)
nSlide31
Figure 26.8-3
Secondary
oocyte
Ruptured
follicle
Ovary
A secondary oocyte being
released during ovulation
Corpus luteum
LM
Ovulated
secondary oocyteSlide32
Figure 26.8-4
Secondary
oocyte
Ovary
A secondary oocyte being
released during ovulation
LMSlide33
Figure 26.9
Growing
follicle
Mature
follicle
Ovulation
Corpus
luteum
Degenerating
corpus
luteum
Progesterone and
estrogen secreted
by remnant of follicle
20
25
28
Estrogen
secreted
by growing
follicle
0
5
10
14
Days
0
5
10
14
Days
20
25
28
Menstruation
(e
)
Endometrium
Menstrual
cycle
Estrogen
Progesterone
Low levels trigger
menstruation
7
Progesterone
and estrogen
promote
thickening of
endometrium
Levels of ovarian
hormones in blood
Peak causes
LH surge
Peak triggers
ovulation and
corpus
luteum
formation
Levels of pituitary
hormones in blood
LH
FSH
FSH stimulates
follicle to grow
LH peak triggers
ovulation
Ovarian
cycle
Hypothalamus
Releasing
hormone
Anterior pituitary
FSHLH
Stimulated by high levelsof estrogenInhibited by combination of
estrogen and progesteroneControl by
hypothalamus(d)
(a)(b)
(c)
1
4
3
6
7
2
5
15
15Slide34
Figure 26.9-1
(a
)
Hypothalamus
Releasing
hormone
Anterior pituitary
FSH
LH
Stimulated by high levels
of estrogen
Levels of pituitary
hormones in blood
Peak triggers
ovulation and
corpus
luteum
formation
LH
FSH
0
FSH stimulates
follicle to grow
5
10
LH peak triggers
ovulation
14
Days
20
25
28
Inhibited by combination of
estrogen and progesterone
Control
by
hypothalamus
(b)
1
4
2
15Slide35
Figure 26.9-2
Peak triggers
ovulation and
corpus
luteum
formation
LH
FSH
FSH stimulates
follicle to grow
LH peak triggers
ovulation
Levels of pituitary
hormones in blood
(b)
0
5
10
14
Days
20
25
28
Growing
follicle
Mature
follicle
Ovulation
Corpus
luteum
Progesterone and
estrogen secreted
by remnant of follicle
Estrogen secreted
by growing follicle
Degenerating
corpus
luteum
Ovarian
cycle
(c)
2
5
4
15Slide36
0
5
10
14
Days
20
25
28
Growing
follicle
Mature
follicle
Ovulation
Corpus
luteum
Progesterone and
estrogen secreted
by remnant of follicle
Estrogen secreted
by growing follicle
Degenerating
corpus
luteum
Ovarian
cycle
(c)
Peak causes
LH surge
Estrogen
Progesterone
Low levels trigger
menstruation
Progesterone
and estrogen
promote
thickening of
endometrium
Levels of ovarian
hormones
in blood
(d)
3
6
7
5
Figure 26.9-3
15Slide37
Figure 26.9-4
Peak causes
LH surge
Estrogen
Progesterone
Low levels trigger
menstruation
Progesterone
and estrogen
promote
thickening of
endometrium
Levels of ovarian
hormones
in blood
(d)
Menstrual
cycle
Endometrium
0
5
10
14
Days
20
25
28
Menstruation
(e)
3
6
7
15Slide38
Figure 26.10Slide39
Figure 26.11
Head
(carries genetic material)
Plasma membrane
Mitochondria
(produce energy
)
Acrosome
Flagellum
(used for swimming)
NucleusSlide40
Figure 26.12-1
n
n
n
2
n
Plasma
membrane
Sperm
Nucleus
Egg
nucleus
Zygote
nucleus
Sperm
nucleus
Jelly
coat
Cytoplasm
Acrosome
Follicle
cell
Acrosomal
enzymes
The sperm
squeezes through
cells
left over
from
the
follicle.
The
plasma
membranes
of
the
sperm
and egg fuse.
The
sperm nucleus
enters
the
egg
cytoplasm
.
The
sperm
and egg
chromosomes
intermingle
.
The sperm’s
acrosomal
enzymes
digest the
jelly
coat
surrounding the egg.
1
3
4
5
2
n
nSlide41
Figure 26.12-2
Colorized
S
EMSlide42
Figure 26.13
Cross
section
of
blastocyst
8
cells
Blastocyst
(hollow
ball)
Gastrula
(cross
section)
4 cells
Cleavage
2 cells
Zygote
Gastrulation
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Inner cell
mass
Many cells
(solid ball)Slide43
Figure 26.13-1
Cross
section
of
blastocyst
Blastocyst
(hollow
ball)
4 cells
Cleavage
2 cells
Zygote
8
cells
Inner cell
mass
Many cells
(solid ball)Slide44
Figure 26.13-2
Cross
section
of
blastocyst
Inner
cell
mass
Blastocyst
(hollow
ball)
Endoderm
Gastrulation
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Gastrula
(cross
section)Slide45
Figure 26.14Slide46
Figure 26.14-1Slide47
Figure 26.14-2Slide48
Oviduct
Ovulation
releases
secondary
oocyte
.
Endometrium
Ovary
Uterus
1
Figure 26.15-s1Slide49
Figure 26.15-s2
Oviduct
Ovulation
releases
secondary
oocyte
.
Endometrium
Ovary
Uterus
Sperm
fertilizes
ovum
,
forming
a
zygote.
2
1Slide50
Figure 26.15-s3
Oviduct
Ovulation
releases
secondary
oocyte
.
Endometrium
Ovary
Uterus
Sperm
fertilizes
ovum
,
forming
a
zygote.
Cleavage
of
embryo
starts.
3
1
2Slide51
Figure 26.15-s4
Oviduct
Ovulation
releases
seconda
r
y
oo
c
yt
e
.
Endometrium
O
v
a
r
y
Uterus
Sperm
fertilizes
ovum
,
forming
a
zygote.
Cleavage
of
embryo
starts.
The
emb
r
y
o
d
e
velops into
a
b
lasto
c
yst
.
3
4
1
2Slide52
Figure 26.15-s5
Oviduct
Ovulation
releases
seconda
r
y
oo
c
yt
e
.
O
v
a
r
y
The
emb
r
y
o
d
e
velops into
a
b
lasto
c
yst
.
The
b
lasto
c
yst
i
mplants
in
the
e
ndometrium
.
Cleavage
of
embryo
starts.
Sperm
fertilizes
ovum
,
forming
a
zygote.
3
4
5
1
2
Endometrium
UterusSlide53
Figure 26.16
Endometrium
Inner cell mass
January
0
Cavity
Uterine cavity
(a) Day 6: Before implantation
Endometrium
Embryo
Blood
vessel
(maternal)
Multiplying cells
(future placenta)
Placenta
Developing
umbilical
cord
Mother’s
blood
vessels
Amnion
Embryo
Chorionic
villi
Uterine cavity
(b) Day 10: Implantation under way
(c) Day 31: The embryo and its life-support
equipmentSlide54
Figure 26.16-1
Endometrium
Cavity
Uterine
cavity
(a) Day 6: Before
implantation
Inner
cell
massSlide55
Figure 26.16-2
Endometrium
Embryo
Blood
vessel
(maternal)
Multiplying cells
(future placenta)
Uterine cavity
(b) Day 10: Implantation under waySlide56
Figure 26.16-3
Placenta
Developing
umbilical
cord
Mother’s
blood
vessels
Amnion
Embryo
Chorionic
villi
(c) Day 31: The embryo and its life-support
equipmentSlide57
Figure 26.17-1
January
0
February
March
April
Gill pouches
Amnion
Limb
buds
Tail
Placenta
Umbilical cord
5 weeks (35 days)
9 weeks (63 days)
14 weeks (98 days)Slide58
Figure 26.17-1a
Gill pouches
Limb
buds
Tail
5 weeks (35 days)Slide59
Placenta
Figure 26.17-1b
Amnion
Umbilical cord
9 weeks (63 days)Slide60
Figure 26.17-1c
14 weeks (98 days)Slide61
Figure 26.17-2
May
June
July
August
September
October
20 weeks (140 days)
At birth (280 days)Slide62
Figure 26.17-2a
20 weeks (140 days)Slide63
Figure 26.17-2b
At birth (280 days)Slide64
Figure 26.18Slide65
Figure 26.18-1Slide66
Figure 26.18-2Slide67
Figure 26.19
Placenta
Umbilical
cord
Cervix
Uterus
Placenta
(detaching)
Umbilical
cord
Dilation of the
cervix
Expulsion: delivery of the
infant
Delivery of the
placenta
UterusSlide68
Figure 26.19-1
Placenta
Umbilical
cord
Uterus
Cervix
Dilation of the cervixSlide69
Figure 26.19-2
Expulsion: delivery of the infantSlide70
Figure 26.19-3
Uterus
Umbilical
cord
Placenta
(detaching)
Delivery of the placentaSlide71
Figure 26.20
Collected egg
Zygote
Collected
sperm
In vitro fertilization
Early embryo
Implantation
Colorized SEMSlide72
Figure 26.20-1
Colorized SEMSlide73
Figure 26.21
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
46.3
39.8
Cases per 100,000
person-years
19.0
15.6
Autism
Low IQ
Diagnoses
of
developmental disabilities
IVF
Non-IVFSlide74
Figure 26.22Slide75
Table 26.1Slide76
Table 26.2Slide77
Figure 26.UN01
Chlamydia
trachomatis
Colorized TEM
Neisseria
gonorrhoeae
Colorized TEM
Treponema
pallidum
Colorized SEM
Herpes
simplex
virus
Colorized TEM
Papillomaviruses
Colorized TEM
Trichomonas
vaginalis
Colorized SEM
Candida albicans
Colorized SEMSlide78
Figure 26.UN01a
Colorized
T
EM
Chlamydia
trachomatisSlide79
Figure 26.UN01b
Colorized
T
EM
Neisseria
gonorrhoeaeSlide80
Figure 26.UN01C
Colorized
S
EM
Treponema
pallidumSlide81
Figure 26.UN01d
Colorized
T
EM
Herpes simplex
virusSlide82
Figure 26.UN01e
Colorized
T
EM
PapillomavirusesSlide83
Figure 26.UN01f
Colorized
S
EM
Trichomonas
vaginalisSlide84
Figure 26.UN01g
Colorized
S
EM
Candida
albicansSlide85
Figure 26.UN02
n
Lone parent
Asexual
reproduction
Haploid
egg
n
Haploid
sperm
Sexual
reproduction
2
n
Genetically identical
offspring
Genetically unique
diploid zygoteSlide86
Figure 26.UN03
Secondary
oocyte
Oogenesis
2
n
Primary
oocyte
Spermatogenesis
Primary
spermatocyte
2
n
Once per month
n
n
Continuously
Secondary
spermatocyte
n
n
Developing sperm cells
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
Sperm
FERTILIZATION
Polar
body
Mature egg
(ovum)
n
n
2
n
Zygote
Polar
body
n
nSlide87
Figure 26.UN04
Hypothalamus sends signal about every 28 days.
Anterior pituitary secretes FSH and LH.
FSH stimulates follicle growth, and LH triggers ovulation.
Estrogen and progesterone stimulate thickening of the endometrium.
If egg is not fertilized, a drop in
estrogen and progesterone
triggers menstruation.
If egg is fertilized, a hormone
from the embryo prevents
menstruation.
Hypothalamus and pituitary
stimulate a new cycle.Slide88
Figure 26.UN05
Cleavage
Gastrulation
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Zygote
2-cell
embryo
Many-celled
solid ball
Blastocyst
(cross
section)
Gastrula
(cross
section)Slide89
Figure 26.UN06
Implantation
Early
embryo
Zygote
Collected
egg
In vitro fertilization
Collected
sperm