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Theearlystudyofmodallogictothelate1950sconsistedmainlyofsuggestedaxiomaticsystemsbasedonanintuitiveunderstandingofthebasicnotionsCertainaxiomatizationsbecamestandardandarecollectedhereintheformofat. We generalise some results of 7 5 and show that if is an modal logic for some ordinal 3 such that i contains the product logic and ii the product of many trees of depth one and with arbitrary large 64257nite branching is a frame for then any axioma We generalise some results of 7 5 and show that if is an modal logic for some ordinal 3 such that i contains the product logic and ii the product of many trees of depth one and with arbitrary large 64257nite branching is a frame for then any axioma 1 2 Varieties of descriptivism 3 21 Cluster descriptivism 3032 6167 3 22 Meaning vs reference64257xing 53 5760 3 23 Circular an Saul Kripke 1940 Philosopher logician and mathematician Kripke is nearly universally acknowledged as one of the foremost living philosophers You have read excerpts from his most seminal work a series of lectures given in 1970 transcribed and publis Classic views on names Mill Frege Russell Mill Proper names are not connotative they denote the individuals who are called by them but they do not indicate or imply any attributes as belong ing to those individuals When we name a child by the name P principaldeningelementforinstancesofthatkind,regardlessofwhatthoseinstancesactuallylooklike(Kripke,1972;Put-nam,1975).So,emotionalepisodesthatlookdifferentonthesurface * Gawain KRIPKE, a graduate of Harvard College, is Senior Policy Advisor for Oxfam America, based in Washington, DC. producers and to encourage consumption of US cotton. For example, to qualify for fa model checking . and . modal logic. Muddy Children Problem. The Muddy Children Puzzle. n. children . meet their father after playing in the mud. The father notices that . k. of the children have mud . Kripke'sappliesthisdistinctiontothecaseofpropernames:\Fregeshouldbecriticizedforusingtheterm`sense'intwosenses.Forhetakesthesenseofadesignatortobeitsmeaning;andhealsotakesittobethewayitsreferenceisdet 1 Kripke invites us to consider whether Queen Elizabeth could have been born of di"erent parents from those she actually was. We attempt to imagine such a scenario and based on whether we think we ha First improtant decision: the theory is about . sentences,. not about propositions.. Like Tarski, not like Barwise & Etchemendy. . ***. A variant of the Liar:. More than half of Nixon’s assertions about Watergate are false. (Said by Jones.). Till now: . L . is a FOL with totally defined (presumably nonsemantical) predicates over some domain (that contains sentences codes).. L. *(S1,S2): . L. extended with a T(x) partially defined unary predicate (extension: S1, antiextension: S2).. Classical Descriptivism. Representation. Words/ thoughts have meanings. . They are . about. things. Why do words, for example, represent the things that they do, instead of other things or nothing at all?. Percipi Kripke ( 1980 )famouslyseparatesthemetaphysicalandepistemicmodaldomains,withsupposednecessaryaposterioriidentitystatementssuchas`HesperusisPhosphorus',appearingtocreateanirreconcilablegapbe-tw