Plagiarism, Quoting, & Citing Sources - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Plagiarism, Quoting, & Citing Sources(APA Format)

“I Wish I’d Said That”Slide2

Plagiarism!

APA

Publication

Manual

: record

even

sources of inspiration

as well as

direct borrowings

(pp. 15-16)

Repeating

four to five words

, even when interrupted by

new minor elements

, may be considered

plagiarism

! Slide3

Plagiarism!

“Plagiarism sometimes happens because researchers do not keep

precise records

of their readings. . . . Presenting an author’s exact wording without marking it as a quotation is plagiarism, even if you cite the source” (Modern Language Association [MLA] 55)Slide4

“If your own sentences follow the source so closely in idea and sentence structure that the result is really closer to quotation than to paraphrase . . . you are plagiarizing, even if you have cited the source. You may not simply alter a few words of your source. . .

. You

need to recast your summary into your own words and sentence structure, or quote

directly” (Retrieved

22 Feb., 2004 from <http:// www.fas.harvard.edu/ ~expos/sources/chap3.html>).Slide5

Bradley vs. Wegman2006: Edward Wegman (George Mason University) wrote a report critical of use of statistics by Thomas Bradley (among others)

2010: Thomas Bradley (University of Massachusetts) alleges that Wegman reproduced sections of a textbook he wrote without quoting—and he’s right!

Wegman’s report, submitted to a U. S. Congressional Committee plagiarized Bradley’s textbook! However . . .Slide6

Bradley & Fritts

Once the regression coefficients have been calculated,

the eigenvectors incorporated in the regression equation are

mathematically transformed into a new set of n coefficients correspond

ing

to the original

(

intercorrelated

) set of

n

variables

.

These new coefficients

are termed

weights or elements of the response function

and are analogous to the stepwise regression coefficients discussed earlier. . . . (Bradley, 1985, p. 346)

Once the regression coefficients

for the selected set of orthogonal variables have been calculated, they may be mathematically transformed into a new set of coefficients which correspond to the original correlated set of variables. These new coefficients (sometimes referred to as weights or elements of the response function) are analogous to the stepwise regression coefficients described in the previous section. . . . (Fritts, 1976, p. 353)

15 new/different words out of 55

Quibbles:

“are termed” vs. “referred to”

“discussed earlier” vs. “described in the previous section”

SAME order of ideas EXACTLYSlide7

Plagiarism Roll of (Dis)Honour:

Stephen E. Ambrose, Civil War historian (

The Wild Blue

)

Doris Kearns Goodwin, biographer of the Kennedy clanJane “Wikipedia” GoodallDavid

Rotor and Douglas Tipple, consultants to Public Works Dept.,

Ottawa

30 Carleton University engineering students (2002)Slide8

Cheating—Why?

Karl-Theodor

zu

Guttenberg,

Min. Defense

Annette

Schavan

, Min. EducationSlide9

Must I Cite?Each time you refer to specific results/concepts drawn

from published work

, cite the source in a brief parenthetical note

“information and ideas you deem broadly known by your readers and widely accepted by scholars . . . Can be used without documentation” (MLA 59).

“In 1066, the Normans invaded England.” OK“The average sea-level rise has been approximately 2mm per year for the last 7000 years.” SOURCE!Slide10

5 Reasons to Cite SourcesYou are establishing the basis for your own conclusions and thus their authority

You are documenting your process so that others can follow

You are acknowledging the work of your colleagues

You are avoiding the very serious charge of PLAGIARISM

We are in the midst of a

replication crisisSlide11

3 Reasons People PlagiarizeIt is slightly

faster

and

easier

than documenting your sourcesIt makes your own

original

contribution seem greater

They do not think they will be caughtSlide12

3 Reasons NOT to PlagiarizeIt has never been easier to detect plagiarism than it is now

Documents presently reach a larger audience than ever and are available almost indefinitely

Plagiarism is STILL regarded as a major

disgrace (even though

Schavan

was later re-appointed!)Slide13

APA Citations:

It’s Easy!Slide14

APA Style: Crisp & CurtWriters in humanities & some applied fields quote far more often and are generally more expansiveSome include source information in the text:

In his seminal 1982 study, Jacques Derrida seeks to expose “the pyramidal silence of the graphic difference between the

a

and the

e

” (4).

Derrida (1982) exposed “the pyramidal silence of the graphic difference between the

a

and the

e

” (p. 4

).

MLA

Version:

APA

Version:Slide15

Citations in General

You may require

many

citations per paragraph—not just one note per page

Two main components:

Author’s/Authors’ name(s), yearSlide16

Three Basic Approaches

Zundel and Ladouceur (2006) warned of the dangers of accidental plagiarism.

The course instructors warned of the dangers of accidental plagiarism (

Zundel

&

Ladouceur

, 2006).

As recently as 2006,

Zundel

and

Ladouceur

warned against the dangers of accidental plagiarism.

1. Info. in parentheses

2. Text & parentheses

3. All in text

use

&

in parentheses; use

and

in the text.

PM

describes this as a

“

rare case

”

(p. 207).Slide17

What

Not

To Do

In a journal article published in 2006, Dr. Pierre Zundel and Nadya Ladouceur, course instructors at the University of New Brunswick, warned of the dangers of accidental plagiarism (Zundel & Ladouceur, 2006).

From 14 words to 32—with

no additional INFORMATIONSlide18

Indirect Citations

Linder and Hawkins (as cited in Hertzberg, 2010) studied a group of people who believed that only the only sports worth playing were those that produced a financial return.

If you do not have access to Linder and Hawkins,

use the phrase “as cited

in”

and name your source.Slide19

Personal Communications

Group work can lead to frustration and anger if participants do not understand their individual responsibilities (personal communication, N.

Ladouceur

, March 14, 2014).

Use interlocutor’s name

& initials

and

the full date.Slide20

Email & Postings

Group work can lead to frustration and anger if participants do not understand their individual responsibilities (Ladouceur, 2014).

This

is an archived posting, and so will

have

a

corresponding

reference

list entry.Slide21

Course Email Posting

Ladouceur, N. (2014, March 14). Re:

Social interactions in team research. [SOCI2374 posting

]. Retrieved from https://lms.unb.ca/d2l/le/43372/ discussions/List

Anything that is archived should have a

reference list entry.Slide22

General PointCitations are quick, easy

, and

well supported by current software

APA and Chicago author-date systems are simple and unobtrusive

For a SMALL investment of time you gain many advantages—and avoid a major riskACCIDENTAL plagiarism is still possible . . .Slide23

ParaphrasesSlide24

Paraphrasing Sources

"Nurse practitioners must be alerted to the potential influence of pharmaceutical marketing" (Monaghan et al., 2003, p. 19).

“Student

U

nderstanding

of the Relationship Between the Health Professions and the Pharmaceutical

Industry” (2003)Slide25

APA: Paraphrasing Sources

In a context in which results of early clinical trials are prominently featured in marketing materials, nurse practitioners must be made aware of the strategies by which pharmaceutical corporations promote their products (Monaghan et al., 2003).

In business & social sciences, quotation is less common than in humanities. Slide26

ParaphraseWhenever you encounter

unique phrasing

or

special terminology

, consider direct quotation.Summing up a long argument in your own words (technically, summarizing not paraphrasing) is legitimateSlide27

Paraphrase: Original

“Instead

of tending towards a vast Alexandrian library the world has become a computer, an electronic brain, exactly as

in an

infantile piece of science fiction. And as our senses have gone outside us, Big Brother goes inside. So, unless aware of this dynamic, we shall at once move into a phase of panic terrors, exactly befitting a small world of tribal drums, total

inter-dependence

, and superimposed

co-existence” (McLuhan, 1962, p. 32).Slide28

Paraphrase: Source

McLuhan, M. (1962).

The Gutenberg galaxy: The

m

aking of typographic

m

an

. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press. Slide29

Paraphrase

The

world has

grown to resemble a

computer,

as repeatedly predicted in science fiction epics. However, as

our senses have

been externalized, ideological authority has been internalized, pervading all social interactions. Our lack of awareness of this dynamic will create an environment of panic

terrors,

arising from the inter-dependence enforced co-existence of the global village.Slide30

Paraphrase: With Citation

The

world has

grown to resemble a

computer,

as repeatedly predicted in science fiction epics. However, as

our senses have

been externalized, ideological authority has been internalized, pervading all social interactions. Our lack of awareness of this dynamic will create an environment of panic

terrors,

arising from the inter-dependence enforced co-existence of the global village

(

McLuhan, 1962).Slide31

Paraphrase: Repeated Phrases

The

world has

grown to resemble a

computer,

as repeatedly predicted in science fiction epics. However, as

our senses have

been externalized, ideological authority has been internalized, pervading all social interactions. Our lack of awareness of this dynamic will create an environment of panic

terrors,

arising from the inter-dependence enforced co-existence of the global village

(

McLuhan, 1962).Slide32

Paraphrase: Rephrase & Quote

The

world has

grown to resemble a

computer,

as repeatedly predicted in science fiction epics. However, as

our senses have

been externalized, ideological authority has been internalized, pervading all social interactions. Our lack of awareness of their nature will create an environment of “panic

terrors

,” arising from “the total inter-dependence and superimposed co-existence” of the global village

(

McLuhan, 1962, p.

32)

.Slide33

Paraphrase and PlagiarismIt is EASY to slip from paraphrase to plagiarism

Be vigilant: when in doubt, QUOTE

If you need a second opinion, ask--Slide34

When in doubt . . .

453-4527

Drop

in Hours

at HIL

AND

Engineering

Libraries:

Mon-Thursday,

6:00-10:00pmSlide35

Memory Test