Shouse ISU Extension Agricultural Engineers Emergency Water Storage for Livestock and Crop Production Drought in Iowa Improving 44 of Iowa remains in severe to extreme drought 492013 ID: 704973
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Slide1
Prepared April 2013 by Tom Glanville and Shawn Shouse, ISU Extension Agricultural Engineers
Emergency Water Storage
for Livestock and Crop ProductionSlide2
Drought in Iowa – Improving ~44% of Iowa remains in severe to extreme drought (4/9/2013)
2
March 5, 2013
April 9, 2013
Even with normal rainfall,
wells in some areas may
not
fully recover
in 2013Slide3
Streamflow in Iowa - ImprovingStreamflow and topsoil moisture respond quickly to precipitation
3March 6, 2013
April 3, 2013Slide4
Shallow groundwater & wells in IowaRespond much more slowly to rainfall than topsoil & streamsGroundwater levels improving in NE Iowa …. remain low in NW IowaAccording to IDNR, some NW Iowa water systems are starting 2013 growing season with lower groundwater reserves than in 2012
4
March 6, 2013
April 3, 2013
http://www.iowadnr.gov/Environment/WaterQuality/WaterSummaryUpdate.aspxSlide5
Drought Impacts on WellsMany farms & Rural Water Systems rely on shallow groundwaterShallow aquifers rely on normal precipitation to recharge them
During drought… groundwater declines...wells may not meet daily water demands
5
Drought-affected water table
Normal well output
Normal water table
Reduced well outputSlide6
Drought Impacts on Water SupplyDaily peak water demands increase (hot weather)System capacity decreases (low groundwater levels)Demand exceeds capacity….causing periods of inadequate system pressure & flow
6
Flow Rate
(gallons per minute)
Water system capacity
Water demand
Midnight 6am Noon 6pm MidnightSlide7
Stretching Drought Affected Water SystemsImprove overall water use efficiency (conserve water)Reduce peak system demands….some Regional Rural Water systems now asking:
Livestock producers to install on-farm water storage to “even out” demands on the systemCrop producers to fill crop sprayers from private wells if possibleExample: If 8 daily 500 gallon sprayer fills are anticipated
Pumping/storing 7.5 gallons/minute during 9 hour “off-peak” period (9 PM - 6 AM) could supply 4050 gallons for sprayer fills the following day
7Slide8
On-farm Water StorageImproves ability of drought-stressed wells and rural water connections to meet daily water needsStores water at night when well or rural water capacity exceeds farm demandsProvides supplemental flow when peak demands exceed well or rural water capacity
8Slide9
On-farm Water Storage to
Meet Peak Demands
9
Midnight 6am Noon 6pm Midnight
Water system capacity
Water demand
Water in tank
Flow Rate
(
gallons per minute
)Slide10
Emergency Water Storage RequirementsHigh capacity1,000’s of gallons needed for large poultry/livestock operationsObtained/constructed/installed quicklyIn response to sudden water shortage
Low costProbably used only during drought or other emergencies
10Slide11
Options for Emergency Water StoragePermanentSemi-permanent (non-portable)Temporary/portable
11Slide12
Permanent Water StorageStand-alone underground concrete tank; orTank “basement” built beneath office of livestock facility (Note: Iowa DNR does not allow common wall between potable water and manure storage tanks)
Long lifetimeExpensive for short-term (drought) useMay be a good long-term investment by livestock operations using low-yield wells (typical in Southern Iowa)
12Slide13
Underground concrete water storage2400-head Southern Iowa swine finishing operation
13
14,000 gallon underground tank w ½ height shelter house for controls
Costs:
~ $20,000 for tank & shelter
and
~
$
10,000 pumps, wiring, controllers, plumbingSlide14
Semi-permanent Water StorageShallow “tank” constructed with bin rings, or small earthen “pond”Seal with waterproof linerConstructed relatively quickly (1-2 weeks)
Offer large capacity @ relatively low initial costNot portableWeathering (sunlight/freezing) limits liner lifeOpen topExpect airborne contamination…water OK for livestock, not for humans
Some water lost to evaporation
14Slide15
Semi-permanent Storage ExamplesVinyl pond liners ~ $0.60 to $0.85 per square foot (12 to 36 mil thickness)Underliner (geotextile) ~ $0.35 per square footBin sheets ~ $12 per linear foot of circumference (for 20-36 foot dia.)
Excavation ~ $2.50 per cubic yard15,000 gallons: ~$3,500 above ground, $2,750 excavatedAbove ground: $1000 + $0.15/gallon; Excavated: $1000 + $0.11/gallon
15
15,000 gal capacity
36 ft dia X 2 ft deep
15,000 gal capacity
32 ft X 32 ft (surface) X 3 ft deep
2:1 wall side slopeSlide16
Portable/Collapsible “Onion” TanksSelf-supporting open-toppedLimited max capacity ... 6000-20,000 gal depending on brandMore expensive than semi-permanent options, but portable
16
http://www.sei-ind.com/products/onion-tankSlide17
Portable/Collapsible “Onion” TanksCovers available, but not sealedExpect airborne contamination…water OK for livestock, NOT humansSome water loss due to evaporation
Risk of spillage reported….especially if not positioned on flat siteUseful life? Significantly impacted by how carefully it is stored
17
http://store.interstateproducts.com/products/Onion-TanksSlide18
Portable/Collapsible “Pillow” TanksTotally sealed, no evaporation or airborne contaminantsStable, no water
loss caused by tipping or bumpingPortable…can be installed indoors to reduce solar heat gain…..livestock prefer cool waterUseful
life Longer if installed indoors or under roof
Impacted by
storage
Example dimensions
10,000 gallons -- 23 ft x 21 ft x 3 ft
20,000 gallons – 33 ft x 25 ft x 3.5 ft
18
http://www.water-storage-tank.com/pillowtank.html
http://store.interstateproducts.com/water_bladders.htmSlide19
Example Costs for Portable & Semi-permanent Tanks19
Note significant difference in prices among vendors of pillow/onion tanks.
Shop around to find best price
Search Web using search terms such as: pillow tank, onion tank,
blivets
, water bladder, emergency water storage, potable water bladderSlide20
Background and Caveats Mention of specific brands/prices is for educational purposes only and does not imply product endorsement by Iowa State University
Some vendors report 2-3 week delivery times …. contact suppliers for details Onion/pillow prices as of March 2013 …. via informal phone/email survey
Note price difference among collapsible tank brands…..shop around for best price
Bin ring & lined pond costs estimated based on estimated component and excavation prices mentioned in slide # 11
Costs estimates do not include pumps, controllers, or extension of piping and electrical service lines
Safety First ! Seek assistance from qualified electrical & plumbing contractors to help insure safe installation and physical protection of appropriately sized electrical circuits and plumbing lines.
20Slide21
Estimating CostsRegardless of type of emergency storage, all require additional:Pump & control systemPiping & electrical power extensionsPrices will vary with site conditions & available equipment
21
F
rom well, rural water, or tanker
Emergency
storage
T
o water distribution system
pump/pressure controller
Grounded & physically protected power circuit
pumpSlide22
How Much Emergency Storage?Depends on how it will be usedFor livestock…suggest minimum of 2-3 days of waterProvides “cushion” of time to react to unanticipated problemsWell/pump failure
Sudden excessive demand on regional rural water systemDelays in water hauling servicesDelays obtaining emergency storage components
22Slide23
Approximate Daily Water Use by Beef Cattle(gallons per 100 head per day)23
Weight
70
degrees F
90 degrees F
400 lb
580
950
600 lb
870
1430800 lb10701740
1000 lb
1260
2060
Lactating cows
1690
1820
Mature bulls
1260
2060
Source:
Water Requirements for Beef Cattle
, University of Nebraska Extension Publication G2060, March 2011
http://
www.ianrpubs.unl.edu/live/g2060/build/g2060.pdf
NOTE: If available, operation-specific water meter data typically provide a better estimate than tabulated valuesSlide24
Approximate Daily Water Use by Dairy Cattle(gallons per head per day)24
Type
gallons/day
Milking
cow
30-50
Dry cow
12-30
Source:
Private Water Systems Handbook
(5th edition),
Midwest Plan Service, 2009
NOTE: If available, operation-specific water meter data typically provide a better estimate than tabulated valuesSlide25
Approximate Daily Water Use by Swine(gallons per 100 pig spaces per day)25
Production Phase
Feed/water type
Normal
Dry, arid climate
Nursery
dry/nipple
149
118
Wean-finish
dry feed/nipple136
Wean-finish
dry
feed/cup
148
Wean-finish
wet/dry
102
Wean-finish
wet/dry & cup
137
Grow-finish
dry
feed/nipple
233
246
Grow-finish
dry feed / cup
115
Grow-finish
wet/dry
125
Grow-finish
wet/dry & cup
144
Gestation - Farrowing
wet/dry trough – dry feed /nipple
567
1016
Gilt development
wet/dry trough
143
Source:
Special Edition REPORT:
WATER WISE - Make Every Drop Count on Your Farm,
National Pork Board, April 2012
http
://www.pork.org/filelibrary/april2012.pdfSlide26
Approximate Daily Water Use by Poultry(gallons per 1000 birds per day)26
Age/type
70
degrees F
90 degrees F
6-wk broilers
44
72
8-wk broilers
56
81Adult white leghorn layers46
57
Source: Dr. Hongwei Xin, Director -- Egg Industry Center
NOTE: If available, operation-specific water meter data typically provide a better estimate than tabulated valuesSlide27
Final ThoughtsEmergency storage can help a drought-impaired water source to meet peak daily water needsAll emergency storage alternatives require time to construct/installEven flexible tanks may have 2-3 week delivery
Begin planning & component acquisition NOW before summer temperatures and water supply stresses reach problem levels27