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s yllogism  –  logical s yllogism  –  logical

s yllogism  –  logical - PowerPoint Presentation

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s yllogism  –  logical - PPT Presentation

reasoning from inarguable premises the conclusion is unarguable if the syllogism is structured correctly Example  Because Socrates is human he is mortal Major Premise All ID: 656416

reasoning premise major conclusion premise reasoning conclusion major minor general premises everyday commonly pencil exists gravity deductive principle reasonable

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Slide1

syllogism – logical reasoning from inarguable premises; the conclusion is unarguable if the syllogism is structured correctly.

Example: 

Because

Socrates is human,

he

is

mortal

.

Major

Premise: All

humans are mortal

(

irrefutable generalization)

Minor Premise:

Socrates

is a human

Conclusion:

Therefore

, Socrates is

mortalSlide2

enthymeme – logical reasoning with one premise left unstated; instead of having an irrefutable general truth for major premise, it is an assumption, statement, or proposition that the writer presumes and the audience accepts.

Example

:

[Because gravity exists,] my pencil will fall when I drop it.

[Major

Premise:

Gravity exists. (a theory)]

Minor Premise:

My pencil exists in gravity.

Conclusion:

Therefore

,

my pencil falls when I drop it.Slide3

faulty syllogism – when one or both of the premises are refutable or untrueMajor

Premise:

All women are wise. (refutable)

Minor Premise:

Ms. Wallingford is a woman.

Conclusion: Therefore, Ms. Wallingford is wise.

Major

Premise:

Poisonous snakes have spots.

Minor

Premise:

That snake has spots.

Conclusion:

Therefore

,

that snake is poisonous.Slide4

deductive reasoning – reasoning that begins with a general principle and concludes with a specific instance that demonstrates the general principle

commonly

associated with

formal logic

.”involves reasoning from known premises, or premises presumed to be true, to a certain conclusion.

the conclusions reached are certain, inevitable, inescapable.

Example of Deduction

major premise: All tortoises are vegetarians

minor premise: Bessie is a tortoise

conclusion: Therefore, Bessie is a vegetarian

Deductive reasoning is commonly found in the natural sciences or

hard

sciences, less so in everyday arguments

Occasionally, everyday arguments do involve deductive

reasoning:

Example

:

Two or more persons are required to drive in the diamond lane. You don

t have two or more persons. Therefore you may not drive in the diamond lane

”Slide5

inductive reasoning – reasoning that begins by citing a number of specific instances or examples and then shows how collectively they constitute a general principle

commonly known as

informal logic

,

” or “everyday argument”

involves drawing uncertain inferences, based on

probabilistic

reasoning.

the

conclusions

reached are probable, reasonable, plausible, believable

Example of Induction

Boss

to employee:

Biff has a tattoo of an anchor on his arm. He probably served in the Navy.

Inductive reasoning is found in the courtroom, the boardroom, the classroom, and throughout the media

Most, but not all everyday arguments are based on induction

Examples: The

reasonable person

standard in civil law, and the

beyond a reasonable doubt

standard in criminal

law