Difficulty of Task Was the exercise easy or difficult It depends on what factors Whether you like Disney movies how long ago you watched the movie how loud the people are around you when you are trying to remember ID: 784039
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Slide1
Name the Seven Dwarves
Take out a piece of paper
Slide2Difficulty of Task
Was the exercise easy or difficult.
It depends on what factors?
Whether you like Disney movies
how long ago you watched the movie
how loud the people are around you when you are trying to remember
Slide3Now pick pick out the seven dwarves.
Turn your paper over.
Grouchy Gabby Fearful Sleepy Smiley Jumpy Hopeful Shy Droopy Dopey Sniffy Wishful Puffy Dumpy Sneezy Pop Grumpy Bashful Cheerful Teach Snorty Nifty Happy Doc Wheezy Stubby Poopy
Slide4Seven Dwarves
Sleepy, Dopey, Grumpy, Sneezy, Happy, Doc and Bashful
Slide5Recall v. Recognition
With recall- you must retrieve the information from your memory (fill-in-the blank tests).With recognition- you must identify the target from possible targets (multiple-choice tests).Which is easier?
Did you do better on the first or second dwarf memory exercise?
Slide6Memory
The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.
As you might have guessed, the next topic we are going to examine is…….
Slide7Information Processing
The Atkinson-Schiffrin (1968) three-stage model of memory includes a) sensory memory, b) short-term memory, and c) long-term memory.
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
Frank Wartenberg/ Picture Press/
Corbis
Slide8Problems with the Model
Some information skips the first two stages and enters long-term memory automatically.Since we cannot focus all the sensory information in the environment, we select information (through attention) that is important to us.The nature of short-term memory is more complex.
Slide9Types of Memory
Sensory Memory: The immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system.Short-Term: Memory that holds a few items brieflyThe info will be stored into long-term or forgotten.Mr. Short Term Memory-SNLLong-Term Memory:The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.H.M Memory on NPR
Slide10The Memory process
Crash Course Psychology #13Encoding: The processing of information into the memory system.Asking for a girl’s number at a partyStorage: The retention of encoded material over time.Remembering her name when you call herRetrieval:The process of getting the information out of memory storage.Calling her by the wrong name
Slide11Two ways to encode information
Automatic ProcessingUnconscious encoding of incidental information.You encode space, time and word meaning without effort.Things can become automatic with practice.For example, if I tell you that you are a jerk, you will encode the meaning of what I am saying to you without any effort.Effortful ProcessingEncoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
Rehearsal is the most common effortful processing technique.
Through enough rehearsal, what was effortful becomes automatic.
Slide12Rehearsal
Effortful learning usually requires rehearsal or conscious repetition.
Ebbinghaus studied rehearsal by using
nonsense syllables
: TUV YOF GEK XOZHermann Ebbinghaus
(1850-1909)
http://www.isbn3-540-21358-9.de
Slide13Rehearsal
The more times the nonsense syllables were practiced on Day 1,
the fewer repetitions were required to remember them on Day 2.
Slide14List the U.S. Presidents
Take out a piece of paper and….
Slide15The Presidents
WashingtonTaylor
Harrison
Eisenhower
J.Adams
FillmoreCleveland
Kennedy
Jefferson
Pierce
McKinley
L.Johnson
Madison
Buchanan
T.Roosevelt
Nixon
Monroe
Lincoln
Taft
Ford
JQ Adams
A.Johnson
Wilson
Carter
Jackson
Grant
Harding
Reagan
Van Buren
Hayes
Coolidge
Bush
Harrison
Garfield
Hoover
Clinton
Tyler
Arthur
FD.Roosevelt
Bush Jr.
Polk
Cleveland
Truman
Obama
Slide16Memory Effects
Next-in-line-Effect: When you are so anxious about being next that you cannot remember what the person just before you in line says, but you can recall what other people around you say. Spacing Effect: We retain information better when we rehearse over time.
Serial Position Effect:
When your recall is better for first and last items on a list, but poor for middle items.
Slide17Serial Positioning Effect
Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.
If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this.
Presidents
Recalled
Slide18Types of Encoding
Semantic Encoding: the encoding of meaning, like the meaning of words
Acoustic Encoding
: the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words.
Visual Encoding: the encoding of picture images.
Encoding exercise
Slide19Visual Encoding
Mental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.
Stephen Wiltshire draws NYC
Both photos: Ho/AP Photo
Slide20Mnemonics
Crash Course Psychology #13Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids. Mnemonic techniques use vivid imagery in aiding memory.
"
Slide21Method of Loci
List of Items
Charcoal
Pens
Bed SheetsHammer...RugImagined Locations
BackyardStudyBedroomGarage...Living Room
Slide22Link Method
Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them together.
List of Items
Newspaper
Shaving creamPenUmbrella...Lamp
Slide23Organizing Information for Encoding
Break down complex information into broad concepts and further subdivide them into categories and subcategories.
1. Chunking
-
Organizing items into familiar, manageable units.Often it will occur automatically. Acronyms-HOMES = Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior2. Hierarchy-Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories.
Slide24Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy
Slide25Storage
How we retain the information we encode
Slide26Storage: Retaining Information
Storage is at the heart of memory. Three stores of memory are shown below:
Sensory
Memory
Working
Memory
Long-term
Memory
Encoding
Retrieval
Encoding
Events
Retrieval
Slide27Capacity
You should be able to
recall 7±2 letters.
The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information
(1956).
George Miller
M U T G I K T L R S Y P
Ready?
Slide28Storage and Short-Term Memory
Lasts usually between 3 to 12 seconds.Can store 7 (plus or minus two) chunks of information.We recall digits better than letters.
Slide29Storing Implicit & Explicit Memories
Explicit Memory refers to facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare. Implicit memory involves learning an action while the individual does not know or declare what she knows.
Slide30How are the Memories Stored?
Synaptic ChangesLong-Term Potentiation (LTP) A long-lasting change in the structure or function of a synapse that increase the efficiency of neural transmission.
Slide31Stress Hormones & Memory
Heightened emotions (stress-related or otherwise) make for stronger memories. Hormones such as Epinephrine act on brain centers in the brainExtreme stress undermines learning and later recallHow does this apply to an exam?
Slide32Brain structures
Hippocampus: turns STM into LTM The hippocampus (named after its resemblance to the seahorse, from the Greek hippos meaning "horse" and kampos meaning "sea monster")
Slide33Where Are Memories Stored?
Slide34Biological Forgetting Factors
Damage to the HippocampusDifficulty forming new memoriesDiminished in Alzheimer’s patientsNeurotransmitters play a roleAcetylcholine Alzheimer’s patients show low levels of thisDecay theoryMemories deteriorate because of the passage of timeDistractor Studies – information fades from STM
Slide35Retrieval
How do we recall the information we thought we remembered?
Lets Jog Our Memory!!!!!!!
Retrieval refers to getting information out of the memory store.
Slide36Retrieval Cues
Priming
Give out priming worksheet
We often use a process called
priming (the activation of associations in our memory) to help us retrieve information.
For the most part, the priming effect is considered involuntary and is most likely an unconscious phenomenon. The priming effect basically consists of repetition priming and semantic priming.
Slide37Retrieval Cues
Memories are held in storage by a web of associations. These associations are like anchors that help retrieve memory.
Fire Truck
truck
red
fire
heat
smoke
smell
water
hose
Slide38Repetition Priming
1. Repetition priming refers to the fact that it is easier (quicker) to recognize a face or word if you have recently seen that same face or word.
Slide39Semantic Priming
2. Semantic priming refers to the fact that it is easier (quicker) to recognize someone or word if you have just seen someone or a word closely associated.
Slide40Déja Vu
Déja Vu means “I've experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience.
© The New Yorker Collection, 1990. Leo Cullum from
cartoonbank.com. All Rights Reserved
Slide41Forgetting
Slide42Encoding Failure
We cannot remember what we do not encode.
Slide43Retrieval Failure
Although the information is retained in the memory store, it cannot be accessed.
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon. Given a cue (What makes blood cells red?) the subject says the word begins with an
H
(hemoglobin).
Slide44Interference
Learning some new information may disruptretrieval of other information.
Slide45Types of Retrieval Failure
Proactive InterferenceThe disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.
If you call your new girlfriend your old girlfriend’s name.
Slide46Types of Retrieval Failure
Retroactive InterferenceThe disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.Sleep prevents retroactive interference. Therefore, itleads to better recall.
When you finally remember this years locker combination, you forget last year.
Slide47False Memories
Elizabeth LoftusRepressed or Constructed?Some adults actually do forget childhood episodes of abuse, however much of what we remember is not repressed, just reconstructed.-See 40 Studies “Thanks for the Memories”False Memory Syndrome
A condition in which a person’s identity and relationships center around a false but strongly believed memory of a traumatic experience, which is sometimes induced by well-meaning therapists.
Slide48Improving Memory
Study repeatedly to boost long-term recall.Spend more time rehearsing or actively thinking about the material.Make material personally meaningful.Use mnemonic devices:associate with peg words — something already storedmake up a story
chunk — acronyms
Activate retrieval cues — mentally recreate the situation and mood.
Recall events while they are fresh — before you encounter misinformation.Minimize interference:Test your own knowledge.Rehearse and then determine what you do not yet know.