be presented The International OAK RIDGE Tennessee 37831 MARTIN ENERGY - PDF document

1 be presented The International OAK RIDGE
be presented The International OAK RIDGE Tennessee 37831 MARTIN ENERGY as an any agency thereof, employees, makes any assumes any legal liability bility for accuracy, completeness, any information, process disclosed, infringe privately rights. Refer- any specific commercial product, name, trademark, otherwise does imply its endorsement, any agency thereof. and opinions expressed herein reflect those agency thereof. DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be inegibie in dectronic image products, Images are pmiuced fiwn the best available original document. and Global Warming Impacts Emerging Technologies: Ridge National replace chlorofluorocarbons is now working fluids atmosphere with an fossil fuels needed working fluids. environmental impact because it also shows environmental benefit the earth’s The goal the gases emissions from energy conversion. have been compression cycle substantial environmental

2 benefits. Among ozone depleting and a n
benefits. Among ozone depleting and a negligible global compression systems, cycles using panel insulations. conclusions of detailed final The concept polymer foam insulation blowing applications with indirect effects global warming that use carbon dioxide a reference provides a of the environmental impact greenhouse gases from operation, and end-of-life of the systems and dioxide emissions resulting from energy required over their provides a various competing must be concerns, system operating costs, regional factors that Alternative Fluorocarbons Environmental Acceptability Department of undertook this current HFC blends non-fluorocarbons like insulation blowing these compounds it possible objective evaluation and global warming impacts generation” refrigerants agents. Refiigerant equipment manufacturers significant advances the use of conditioning applications. Analytical and experimental results are

3 quantitative comparisons between HFC bl
quantitative comparisons between HFC blends application of hydrocarbons, ammonia, and carbon dioxide Additionally, new being commercialized paper summarizes major findings of this third study The study focuses on evaluating air conditioning technologies could be commercialized carbon dioxide conventional (and chillers and heat studies, analyses account for technical differences region. The differences such things as the thicknesses of insulation used, annual driving automobiles, &el climate differences cooling loads. regional differences international consortium fluorochemical manufacturers term transcritical used to describe a vapor compression which the working fluid heated above critical temperature the compression step, and being condensed normal reverse Rankine Analysis Limitations not use generating capacities, calculate a of electricity calculations have enough that good data are literature for plant

4 emission trends are conclusions can perf
emission trends are conclusions can performed using as compared averages. The range important for and achieving air conditioning need standardized/controlled set assumptions. A k20% uncertainty exists for values assigned combination with the other estimates of the analysis, make differences of established technologies far fewer uncertainties which significant TEWI values other, the which show be favored as long environmental considerations costs are calculated using “published” values Alternative and Generation Technologies halocarbons were been laboratory where they for those currently used. absorption cycle sufficient promise revisited as potential Additional development work on triple-effect, chillers and light-commercial applications that estimates the appropriate this paper. Alternative technologies cooling, magnetic heat pumps, considered here. same reverse Rankine cooling electric motor intern

5 al combustion engine. This has very resu
al combustion engine. This has very resulting from inadvertent environment, but contribution associated result from cycle and any inherent differences cycle efficiencies as changes part load heat recovery, resulting from this driven air refrigeration equipment allows consumers select natural gas as the alternative technologies for vapor compression (reverse Rankine) Driven Systems. driven chillers situations where there are significant differences energy prices, utility rebates, prohibitive peak opportunity for recovery. These opportunities have have resulted commercial availability packaged, natural chillers and residential heat departure fiom conventional practices, engine-driven chillers comparison with electric-driven available and commercial air conditioning working together reduce electric peak charges. Even though absorption chillers generally have effective component for also used efficiency is not im

6 portant. double-effect chillers simultan
portant. double-effect chillers simultaneously provide water for hot water alleviating some requirements fired single- chillers show centrifbgal chillers for the this work. under development than current double-effect equipment. Absorption Heat Absorption heat under development heating and light commercial manufacturers have units undergoing field testing 1998, with a goal frame. Seasonal performance these prototype have a areas where dominates, but show where cooling loads be improved efficiencies of refrigeration and air-conditioning improvements include the use more effective heat exchangers, automobile air conditioning refrigeration have reduced. Supermarket that circulate a compressor rack designs, show promise of dramatically reduced and emissions. provide an incentive venting during improving maintenance fluorocarbon compression systems this paper demonstrated production, modeled efficiencies, proven pe

7 rformance from would probably show produ
rformance from would probably show production designs). Refrigerant the two previous studies (Fischer et 1991, Fischer al. 1994) vapor compression technologies continue how quickly time when standard practice charge during clear that historical emission projected refrigerant industry were cases presented third study viable, commercially available compression systems data are global warming comparisons with of the speculative nature the data have very low thermal filler material such aerogel, diatomaceous fibers enclosed metal membranes under significantly higher measurements usually cited, because heat membranes along of the report, are Japanese refrigerator-freezer could be refrigerator-freezers, these are quite foamed polyurethane insulations usually used. There continues doubt that cabinet insulation maintain high thermal resistances over Such panels could of appliance cabinets using thinner walls, thereby

8 permitting more internal volume. The la
permitting more internal volume. The latest available published no si@cant difference between measured energy efficiency of refrigeration utilizing HFC-134a as the refrigerant despite ideal cycle a 2 operating conditions. Insulating foams pentane isomers consistently show HCFC- 141b refrigerators produced would have 10% higher energy same foam work for this application centered around is scheduled States. Current 1 b lowest thermal insulating value the lowest assumed. Optimized foam is insulating values. but with Designs consistent region were internal volumes Panel Insulation. which can improve appliance direct contribution various halocarbon blowing America. Only using HFC- as the 1 b of the effect is direct contribution their refrigerators smaller and energy use. The lower rate for electric power generation hydrocarbon refrigerators were automatic defrost parts of Europe, frost-free refrigerator electrica

9 l devices food compartments being built
l devices food compartments being built and safety precautions manufacturing, purchasing, associated safety risks considered unacceptable. HCFC-22 in unitary equipment. developed countries the use explosive mixtures at atmospheric conditions. These restrictions pumps and approximately 2 and air the world). Hydrocarbon be able safety requirements for the air-to-water unitary systems charge remains choice results TEWI effect. Comparisons were HFC mixtures identified likely HCFC-22 Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program and HFC are a case. Energy very important usage with HFC blends are about the conditioners using engineering optimization reduce energy loop was used with heat propane as keep this out of conventional, electrically-driven heat pumps, driven heat larger TEWIs this study were suggested each region as those study; a 4% annual make-up charge upon equipment erant charges Unitary Air HFC mixtures S

10 ystems. These historically used contain
ystems. These historically used containment and supermarket refrigeration indirect heat transfer Alternative refrigerants (e.g. fieezers refrigeration (e.g. expansion systems HFC mixtures loop refrigeration reducing refrigerant charge emissions, albeit refrigerant lines which the store heat exchange and parasitic load fluid circulating it expensive, the public densely populated do not retail sales Another alternative usually referred the compressor suction gas the case evaporator loads The distributed system with cases requires load associated the heat water loop albeit smaller for the loop system. Both the distributed system loop approaches (by as refrigerant leaks are generally met with water cooled which use a watedantifieeze building fan coil units. Centrifbgal ton), chillers because refrigerant required. chillers with significant impact on the recently enacted designs have chillers. Typical annual centri

11 fbgal chillers more than operators to op
fbgal chillers more than operators to operation. Refiigerant through remarkable Market competition greater emphasis life cycle operating are responsible improved efficiencies. the predominant TEWI for fluorocarbon-based technologies even when annual IeaWmake-up Efficiency of and of chillers has also Gas-powered chillers sometimes used demand and essentially equal from electric utilize absorption chillers 1,000 tons) the use annual operating Georgia office HCFC-22, and 1993 vintage machines were this case, rated full-load performance used. Vapor chillers using HCFC-123 AutomobiIe Air Conditioners. Automobile air was identified fraction of contested, the approach taken those studies criticized because equivalent full-load but cannot The present analysis regional variations ambient temperature. findamentally different systems were HC-600a-based system, and hydrocarbon system this study use of transfer loop isola

12 te the refrjgerant outside feature reduc
te the refrjgerant outside feature reduces cycle efficiency overall system same approach of evaluating transporting the earlier studies, countries. Depending the alternative systems show some than the both alternatives than the be needed developed, reliable commercial Several broad the study. emphasize the effect of the direct gases with indirect effects energy use operating costs, regional energy costs, ease equally important low emissions fluorocarbon refiigerants. The direct appears greater with improving energy air conditioning insulation technologies. gas-driven technologies improve. Efficiencies are fbrther replacement refrigerants hydrocarbon refrigerants. flared fittings electricity generation wide range World average particular location local electrical power The direct rates [using hydro power] Warming Impacts The West Not-ln-Kind and The West Warming Impacts HFC Refdgerants and Emerging Technologi