Children, Trauma & the Increased Risk for - PowerPoint Presentation

1. Children, Trauma & the Increased Risk for Children with IDDDeVault Clevenger, LCSWDirector of Clinical Services, Pinnacle Family ServicesAnne LaForce, MA , LPAConsulting Psychologist, NC START Central1

2. Case Example “Jimmy” – Part 112 y-oDiagnosis – Autism, Moderate ID, Psychosis NOSPresenting problem: Physical aggression, running away, self-injury, “attention-seeking” behavior at schoolMultiple hospitalizationsReports “explosive episodes” that “come out of nowhere”

3. What is Trauma?Trauma refers to intense and overwhelming experiences that involve serious loss, threat or harm to a person’s physical and/or emotional well being.These experience may occur at any time in a person’s life. They may involve a single traumatic event or may be repeated over many years.These trauma experiences often overwhelm the persons coping resources. This often leads the person to find a way of coping that may work in the short run but may cause serious harm in the long run.

4. Examples of TraumaPhysical, emotional and/or sexual abuse in childhood or adulthoodRapeSerious medical illness or disease (disabling conditions, loss of function, invasive and distressing procedures)Involved in or witnessing horrific events (natural disasters, terrorism)In Childhood neglect or abandonment (food insufficiency, lack of money to met basic needs, homelessness)death of a parentDivorceDomestic violencefamily life that includes drug addiction, alcoholism, parental incarceration, violence

5. What is the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study?Center for Disease Control and Kaiser Permanente (an HMO) CollaborationOver a ten year study involving 17,000 people Looked at effects of adverse childhood experiences (trauma)over the lifespanLargest study ever done on this subject

6. 6People enrolled in the Kaiser Permanente health plan were asked ten questions related to the following adverse childhood experiences…. Physical, emotional and/or sexual abuseNeglect or abandonmentDivorce Alcoholism or drug addiction in the familyFamily violencePoverty, homelessness, lack of food and basic needsFamily member in prisonFamily member with mental illness

7. 7The 17,000 people who answered these questions were….80% White, including Hispanic10% Black10% Asian50% men, 50% women74% had attended college62% age 50 or older

8. 8 What They FoundOf the 17,000 respondents1 in 4 exposed to 2 categories of ACEs1 in 16 was exposed to 4 categories. 22% were sexually abused as children.66% of the women experienced abuse, violence or family strife in childhood. Women were 50% more likely than men to have experienced 5 or more ACEs

9. 9Impact of Childhood Trauma Over the LifespanImpact is neurological, biological, psychological and social in nature. They include:Changes in brain neurobiology;Social, emotional & cognitive impairment;Adoption of health risk behaviors as coping mechanisms (eating disorders, smoking, substance abuse, self harm, sexual promiscuity, violence); andSevere and persistent behavioral health, health and social problems, early death. (Felitti et al, 1998)

10. 10Multiple childhood trauma experiences raise the risk for… Anxiety problems and fearsAvoiding people, places and things that are similar to or reminders of the traumatic event(s) Physical health problems Sleep problems Emotional problems such as feeling numb and/or disconnected from oneself or environment Memory problems FlashbacksBottom line findings: Traumatic experiences raises the individuals risk for severe emotional distress, suicide, physical illness, substance abuse and a host of other life difficulties

11. Trauma- and Stressor- Related Disorders (DSM-5)Posttraumatic Stress DisorderPosttraumatic Stress Disorder for Children 6 and underAcute Stress DisordersReactive Attachment DisorderDisinhibited Social Engagement DisorderAdjustment Disorders11

12. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)Exposure to actual or threatened death or serious harm (direct, witnessing, learning of violent event for close family member/friend)Intrusive Symptoms – “reliving”Avoidance Alteration on cognition and moodAlterations in arousal and reactivity12

13. Not everyone who experiences trauma develops PTSDBUT people have long lasting effects due to trauma “We need to presume the clients we serve have a history of traumatic stress and exercise “universal precautions” by creating systems of care that are trauma-informed.” (Hodas, 2005)

14. The Brain and Executive FunctionControls heart rate, body temp, other survival-related functions. Also stores anxiety or arousal states associated w/ traumatic eventMotor control & motor memoryStores emotional informationAbstract thought, cognitive memory, decision making, language

15. Trauma and the Developing BrainTrauma is a “neuro-developmental insult” and impacts the development of the brain as well as psychological processesTraumatic exposure disrupts the development of self-regulatory processes – leading to chronic affect dysregulation, destructive behavior towards self and others, learning disabilities, dissociative problems, somatization, and distortions in concepts of self and othersThe brain responds differently after trauma – less executive functioning and more “fight or flight”15

16. The Brain & TraumaWhen we are calm, it is easy to live in our cortex, using the highest capacities of our brains to contemplate abstractions, make plans, dream of the future, read, make rational decisions. As we move up the arousal continuum toward fear, then we necessarily rely on lower and faster brain regions. In complete panic, our responses are reflexive and under virtually no conscience control. Fear quite literally makes us “dumber”, a property that allows faster reactions in short periods of time and helps immediate survival. But fear can become maladaptive if it is sustained or intense; the threat system becomes sensitized to keep us in this state constantly.

17. The Brain and TraumaSurvival/Trauma Brain

18. Survival Brain vs. Learning BrainWe all have alarm systems in our brain/body that let us know when we are under threat and mobilize us to fight, flight or freeze in the face of a threat.When children experience continuous threats/trauma, the brain/body is put into chronic state of fear – activating the “survival brain” (mid/lower areas of the brain)Can create an overactive alarm system in the developing brain – a child’s brain/body that develops within the context of trauma can be more easily triggered into survival brain by “trauma reminders” or “triggers” even when there is not actual threat.18

19. “Fight/Flight”Because of constant exposure to violence and trauma, children can become locked into a permanent state of Fight/FlightThis makes these children react to normal experiences as if they were life and death threatsThis is not a rational/cognitive process. It is wired into their physiological responseThere is also Freeze – this can look like:“just not there”Can be misinterpreted as “non-compliance”19

20. Bruce Perry Persistent trauma leads to a “dysregulated” brain stem – which manifests with symptoms such as impaired cardiovascular regulation, extreme affective lability, and poor impulse control.People who are aroused from fear cannot take in cognitive information. They are too busy watching for threatening gestures, and not able to listen to what is being said.Verbal warnings or rational arguments that make demands on higher functions (frontal lobe) may escalate the situation as children are physiologically unable to access these functions when they are in a triggered state – language centers of the brain are shut down

21. Left vs. Right BrainThere are differences between the left and right sides of the brainUsually they work together seamlesslyLeft – facts, statistics, language, sequencingRight – memories of sound, touch, smell, emotionsDuring re-experiencing trauma (reminders of past) the left hemisphere shuts down – Broca’s area is in the left side and controls speechSo what does this mean? You can’t “talk/reason” someone out of trauma“Talking” to someone is different than using calming phrases 21

22. Children who have experienced traumaCan have difficulty with:Managing “big” emotionsChronic irritability/anxiety that interferes with problem solvingEmpathyExpressing concerns/needs into wordsTaking into account the wider context of a situationAppreciating how one’s behavior impacts other peopleWorking in groups/connecting with others22

23. “the state becomes a trait”Rather than recognizing a fear-based brain state, or attempt to manage or prevent fear, a person may be diagnosed incorrectly with:Psychotic DisorderBipolar Disorder Borderline Personality DisorderIntermittent Explosive DisorderOppositional Defiant DisorderDisruptive Behavior DisorderObsessive Compulsive Disorder

24. “Jimmy” – Part 212 y-oDiagnosis – Autism, Mild ID, Psychosis NOSPresenting problem: Physical aggression, running away, self-injury, “attention-seeking” behavior at schoolMultiple hospitalizationsReports “explosive episodes” that “come out of nowhere”What else do you need/want to know? Why?

25. Trauma in IDDEstimated 90% of individuals with IDD have experienced traumaIndividuals with disabilities are 4-10 times more likely to be sexually abusedMore likely to experience negative life events, such as serious illness or injury“Little T’s” – trauma can include illness, hospitalization, separation from family, domestic violence, neglect, frequent changes in caregiversLife losses may result in complicated or traumatic griefTraumatic exposure disrupts the development of self-regulatory processes, leading to Chronic emotional dysregulation, destructive behavior towards self and others, dissociative problems, somatization and distortions in concepts of self and others25

26. DEVELOPMENTAL EFFECTS on Trauma Responses“Developmental level has been found to have a major impact on individuals’ capacity to cope with traumatic events…”“…there are indications that early separation from parents through early institutionalization or hospital admissions, fewer previous experiences in managing negative life events, and a limited capacity for gathering social support may make people with ID more vulnerable for the development of PTSD.” “…different kinds of problem behaviors can be considered as symptoms of PTSD, such as aggression and anger outbursts, self-injurious behavior, non-compliance, social isolation, sleeping problems, and restlessness.” Mevissen, L., & De Jongh, A. (2010). PTSD and its treatment in people with intellectual disabilities: A review of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(3), 308-316.

27. BioPsychoSocial Factors that Contribute to RiskBiological:Sometimes impaired mobilityMedical treatments/health care needs, physically dependent on othersPsychological/Cognitive:Sometimes impaired in ability to communicateCognitive and processing delays that interfere with understanding what is happening in abusive situationsIQ influences the likelihood both of exposure to traumatic events and the development of PTSD if exposed – the lower the IQ the higher the risk27

28. BioPsychoSocial Factors that Contribute to RiskSocialTrained to be “compliant”Dependent on caregivers for longer; often have multiple caregiversIsolated from resources to reportOften not provided with general sex educationFeelings of isolation and withdrawal which may make them more vulnerable to manipulation & exploitation28

29. Effects of Trauma The effect of trauma is increased for people with IDD due to:A predisposition toward emotional problems and impaired resiliencyA belief that people with IDD cannot benefit from therapyA lack of trained professionals who are comfortable working with IDD in processing traumatic experiences29

30. 30Intrusive Symptoms – Memories, flashbacks, dreams, physiological symptoms Reliving the experience In IDD, re-experiencing the traumatic event may manifest in symptoms that are more overtly behavioral (concrete) and may include self-injurious behavior and trauma-specific re-enactments. Re-enactments can look quite bizarre and it is important to distinguish such symptoms from psychotic disorder symptomsAvoidance and emotional numbingIDD, this can sometimes be seen or described as non-complianceAlteration in cognition and mood – negative beliefs about self or others, negative emotional state.In IDD, negative emotional state may present in externalizing behaviors.Alterations in arousal – hypervigilance, irritable behavior, exaggerated startle response, aggression.In IDD, aggressive behavior is often described as ‘coming out of nowhere’PTSD and IDD

31. PTSD and IDDThe diagnosis of PTSD in the population of IDD is complexIntellectual and communication deficits may interfere with the individual's capacity to give a coherent and reliable narrative disclosing trauma experienceThe burden typically falls upon others to recognize significant changes from baseline behavior which may signal traumatic response, particularly in individuals who are non-verbal or minimally verbalCommon referral problems such as noncompliance, self-injury, aggression, outbursts of anger and irritability can be manifestations of PTSDAn individual may be misdiagnosed when symptoms of extreme stress reaction are mistaken for "behavioral problems" or other psychiatric disorders

32. The good news…Our brains grow and change all our lives. The brain can build new connections for feeling safe and avoid over-reacting. When we see the search for safety in behavior, how can we use it to promote healing?

33. What Does Not help?Assuming behavior is an attempt to gain a specific outcome or manipulateAssuming the person has control over behavior in a crisis situationOversimplified focus on contingencies/consequencesRestriction or control (fuels feelings of powerlessness and may increase agitation)Expecting that re-exposure or discussing their trauma will decrease “outbursts”33

34. What Does Help?Positive Supports and Positive PsychologyFocus on increasing happinessEngagement and attachmentDevelopmentally appropriate expectationEnhancing relationshipsReplacement skillsFunctional communicationAbility to label feelings, calming skillsPositive identityFocus on strengthsNurtures sense of identity vs. reducing people to their “behavior”34

35. Sensory DietsSensory assessment can identify sensory problems and recommend a sensory diet: Deep breathing Foods to chomp Full-spectrum lighting Earplugs or headphones Essential oils Deep pressure Yoga Movement protocols

36. Increase Safety and ComfortLearn trauma triggersPlanning to increase feelings of safetyReal choices to reduce sense of powerlessnessProvide validation and reassurance if someone shares their trauma36

37. Strategies to Address Effects of TraumaChildren in a triggered state need help to calm down from the “there and then” triggers to become more present in the “here and now” reality (in which there may be no actual threat)Processing trauma is often not helpful – can cause re-traumatization, more helpful to address symptomsImportant to provide safety and reassurance37

38. In the Moment…Bruce PerryBrain StemLimbicCortex

39. Move the Activity of the BrainYou want to move from brainstem, to limbic, to the cortex.Help them feel safe firstThen try a thinking task like sorting cards (by color, by number, etc.)The better the emotional associations with you or the materials, the quicker the task will help clear away the stress responseGrounding is a technique that helps keep someone in the present. Grounding helps orient a person to the here-and-now and in reality. Grounding skills can be helpful in managing overwhelming feelings or intense anxiety. They help someone to regain mental focus from an often intensely emotional state. People with trauma/PTSD struggle with either feeling too much (overwhelming emotions and memories) or too little (numbing and dissociation).

40. What is calming?Rhythmic moving (walking, drumming, rocking)Repetitive movement of hands (dribbling basketball, running hands through sand or beans)Sensation on hands (warm blanket, stuffed animal)Holding ice cubeSmelling peppermintFirm pressureNature (walking barefoot on grass, smelling flowers)

41. The 3 P’sWe should be:Present – reassuring, calm presenceParallel - being present without demands or requiring interactionPatient - waiting it out

42. “Jimmy” – Part 3So let’s think back to Jimmy…Will you see Jimmy in a different way? Why?Will you interact in a different way? Why?

43. Why use a Trauma Informed Approach?“We need to presume the clients we serve have a history of traumatic stress and exercise “universal precautions” by creating systems of care that are trauma-informed” (Hodas, 2005)To provide effective services we need to understand the life situations that may be contributing to the persons current problems.The question changes from… “What is wrong with you?” to “What happened to you?”Focus should be on “how do we shift the environment to respond more effectively to your needs?”43

44. References & ResourcesDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Ed. (DSM5) 2013 American Psychiatric AssociationDM-ID: Diagnostic Manual – Intellectual Disability: A Clinical Guide for Diagnosis of Mental Disorders in Persons with Intellectual Disability, 1st Edition 2007 NADD PressThe Boy Who Was Raised as a Dog: And Other Stories from a Child Psychiatrist’s Notebook. Bruce D. Perry, MD, PhD., & Maia Szalavitz 2007 Basic Books PublishingThe Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind, and Body in the Healing of Trauma. Bessel Van Der Kolk, M.D.Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral TherapyTrauma and Resilience: An Adolescent Provider Toolkit. Adolescent Health Working Group 2013Emotional Regulation Skills System for Cognitively Challenged Clients. Julie Brown – modified DBT44

45. To contact us:DeVault Clevengerdevault.clevenger@pinnaclefamilyservices.orgWebsite: www.pinnaclefamilyservices.orgCorporate Office: corporate@pinnaclefamilyservices.orgAnne LaForceanne.laforce@eastersealsucp.com45