An organized procedure to solve a problem evaluate a procedure or set of situations A way of looking at things that is based on observations and data Evaluating the data and coming up with conclusions based on data ID: 777177
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Slide1
Objective 1: The Nature of science
Slide2An organized procedure to solve a problem, evaluate a procedure or set of situations. A way of looking at things that is based on observations and data.
Evaluating the data and coming up with conclusions based on data.
The conclusion can be positive, negative, or undetermined.
The Scientific Method
Slide3Slide4Scientific Method Procedures
Observation
The foundation of the scientific methodLeads to a question regarding the event or characteristic
Hypothesis
Is an “educated guess”
It is a tentative cause and effect statement
Has to be testable
Is rejected or accepted at the conclusion of an experiment
Slide5Terminology
Hypothesis:
a possible answer to a scientific question
Q
: “How will studying affect my test score?”
Hypothesis:
“If I study for… then my test score will
…”
Prediction:
states the expected outcome of an experiment designed to test the hypothesis
“
My test score
will increase.”
Inference:
a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge and experience
“
I have always done poorly in science, so I will do poorly this time too
.” or
“If I study more, I will be prepared, and I will do better.
Slide6Scientific Method Procedures
Experiment
Experiments must be repeatable
and reproducible
independent variable
- this will be the single variable you elect to manipulate or change.
dependent variable
- this will be the single observation, or the result
you
will be
observing and measuring.
controlled variables
- these are factors that
you will
keep constant (“keep controlled”) during the experiment, so that they do not affect the dependent variable.
Slide7Scientific Method Procedures
Collect/ Analyze Data
Always report ALL results (
the good, the bad, and the ugly!)
Look for patterns in the
data. Make charts and graphs
Conclusion
Look for what happened and why it happened.
Look for trends and patterns.
Make a statement on what you see.
A no difference is an OK conclusion.
Slide8Predicting Trends in Data
You will be asked to make a conclusion or make a prediction based on information that they give you.
Test
Taking Tip:
When you are drawing a conclusion or predicting a trend in the data, you have to base your answer on the data given.
This
means that they have to give you the answer!
Do
NOT
rely on anything but what is given to you.
If
an answer choice is about something not mentioned or goes against the given data, it is NOT the right answer
.
On TAKS, there should be an obvious connection.
Look for the connection in the statement of the problem.
Look for what is held the same and what is changed and measured.
Slide9A picture is worth a 1000 words. A chart is a way or organize data.A graph is a picture of the data that helps you see trends and patterns.
Graphs & Charts
Slide10Circle Graphs or Pie GraphsA circle graph is used when you are showing parts of a whole or percentages of a total.
Slide11A Line or Scatter GraphA line or scatter graph is used when you are trying to show a connection between to variables. How does what you change (the independent variable; usually on the x-axis) connect to the thing you measure (the dependent variable; usually on the y-axis).
When you have two sets of numerical data, you use a line graph.
Slide12Line Graph
Line graphs are used when one variable
(the independent variable, the year
)
affects
another variable(the dependent,
the number of graduates
) .
Slide13Line Graph
Slide14Scatter Graph
Slide15Bar GraphsThe data for this graph are non-numerical and discrete for at least one variable.
There
are no dependent and independent variables. Axes may be reversed to give graph with the categories on the x axis
.
Bar graphs can therefore be drawn horizontally or vertically.
This
type of graph is very useful for comparing two or more similar items.
Slide16Bar Graph: Vertical
Slide17Bar Graph: Horizontal
Slide18Graphs ?Be able to read them. Look at each axis for clues.Look for units.
Look for trends and be able to predict what may happen next.
For TAKS, the independent variable, the one you change or manipulate is graphed on the x-axis. The dependent variable, the one you measure, or the one that responds to the changes you made, are graphed on the y-axis.Dry Mix
:
D
ependent,
R
esponsive on
Y
-axis :
M
anipulated,
I
ndependent on the
X
-axis.
Slide19Know the lab safety symbols and procedures.Safety
Slide20Be Safe
ALWAYS WEAR GOGGLES
and APRONS when told to do so!ALWAYS POUR ACID SLOWLY INTO WATER!
NEVER
water into acid!
Water and electricity do not mix.
Never work alone in the lab.
Long hair tied
back.
Wear proper clothing.
Wear closed
toe
shoes.
Do not eat or drink in the lab.
No playing in lab area.
Read the MSDS sheets before working with chemicals.
Dispose of chemicals and materials properly.
Know where the safety equipment is located: eye wash, fire extinguisher, shower, exits, …
Do not wear rubber gloves when dealing with heat. Rubber melts.
Slide21Safety with Gases or InhalantsDo not inhale any gas or vapor unless directed to do so by your teacher.
WAFT
any scent to your nostrils to ensure that you do not destroy the mucus membranes of your respiratory system. Handle materials that emit vapors or gases in a fume/ vent hood.
Work in a well ventilated room.
Use common sense.
Slide22Accidents, Injuries, Equipment Breaks Report any accident or injury to your teacher
IMMEDIATELY!
If you cannot notify the teacher because of your injury – have your lab partner tell the teacher!
Slide23Use Common Sense
When using scalpels, sharp probes,
and knives do not cut objects while holding them in your hand. Cut objects on a suitable work surface. Always cut in a direction
away
from your body
.
Hot glass looks like cold glass.
Use
tongs or insulated/ thermal holders when handling heated
objects.
Never
point the open end of a test tube at yourself or others when heating it
Slide24Safety Symbols
Slide25The 4 C’s
Caustic:
capable of burning, corroding, or destroying living tissue.
Carcinogen:
any substance or agent that tends to produce a cancer
Corrosive:
having the quality of corroding or eating away
Combustible:
capable of catching fire and burning
Slide26Caustic or Corrosive Radioactive
Slide27Toxic or Poison Flammable when wet
Slide28Flammable Gas Non-Flammable Gas
Slide29Radioactive, Toxic, Bio Hazard Run Away
Slide30Electrical Shock Hot Surface
Slide31Radioactive Laser
Slide32Cryogenics, Cold Magnetic Fields
Slide33EM Waves Compressed Gas
Slide34Biohazard Bio Waste
Slide35Carcinogen
Slide36Slide37Corrosive, Caustic Environmental Hazard
Slide38Explosive Flammable, Inflammable
Slide39Oxidizer Toxic, Poison
Slide40No Eat or Drink No Entry
Slide41No Smoking No Open Flame
Slide42No Cell Phones Just plain NO
Slide43Eye Wash Station First Aid
Slide44Fire Extinguisher Fire Blanket
Slide45Safety Shower Eye Wash Station
Slide46MSDS: Material Data Safety Sheet
Slide47Lab Equipment
Slide48Lab EquipmentKnow what you need to measure different quantities.Clock or Stopwatch to measure time
Balance to measure mass, (weight)
Graduated cylinder, buret, beaker, flask to measure liquid volumeRuler to measure distancepH meter to measure pH: acidity or bascity
Litmus paper indicates base or acid
Thermometer to measure heat or temperature
Slide49Lab EquipmentKnow proper procedures for using a balance, burner, water bathKnow that the instrument with the most (finest) markings (or divisions) is the most precise and most accurate.Be able to read the instrument with units and find the difference between readings.