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A verage No of alleles per locus G enetic diversit y G1 62172046044041G2 6625436906056G3 66215158049046Total 1946414173154143 Li et alBreeding Science doi101270jsbbs6615124 Suppl. Kalinowski Department of Ecology Montana State University Bozeman MT 59717 USA fax 14069943232 email skalinowskimontanaedu Received 5 January 2004 accepted 16 February 2004 Key words allelic richness estimation genetic diversity rarefaction sample s centrioles. . (Names of the main stages are expected, but . not . the subdivisions of prophase); . (b) explain the terms . allele, locus, phenotype, genotype, dominant, . codominant. and recessive. ; . Early Theories. Pangenesis. . – egg and sperm consist of particles, which develop into parts of the body where they were derived . – . Aristole. Homunculus. – miniature person in sperm - Leeuwenhoek. What did Mendel Observe?. How do alleles affect inheritance?. Heredity. The passing of physical characteristics, or traits from parents to offspring.. VOCABULARY. Genetics: The study of Heredity (passing of traits from parent to offspring). What you should know:. The ‘etiquette’ used to represent genetic crosses.. Know what is, and how to represent a monohybrid cross.. Know what is, and how to represent a cross showing sex-linkage.. Karyotypes. To find what makes us uniquely human, we have to explore the human genome. . A . genome. is the full set of genetic information that an organism carries in its DNA.. A study of any genome starts with chromosomes, the bundles of DNA and protein found in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells. . Making melanin pigment. The . TYR. gene is just one of many genes on the human number-11 chromosome. . The . TYR. gene encodes a protein that functions as the enzyme, . tyrosinase. . This enzyme catalyses a step in the pathway that produces the pigment, . Gene and Genotypic frequencies. The Hardy Weinberg law states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences.. What you need to know. Ahmed . Rebai. Ahmed.rebai@cbs.rnrt.tn. DNA.. The code of life. DNA . is. a . molecule. made of four bricks . Living . cells. /. organisms. have DNA . within. . it. DNA . contains. Natural Selection. Definition. : A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals . because. of those traits. Stresses from the environment creates situations where the organisms with a beneficial trait will survive and reproduce, those without will die off. Lesson . 2. Principles of genetics. Began with Mendel work – 1860s.. Discover of DNA – 1953. Human Genome Project (HGP) – 20,000 to 25,000 genes in human DNA.. Task of what our genes do – just began.. and Their Carriers . Using Compressed Se(. que. ). nsing. Or . Zuk. Broad . Institute of MIT and . Harvard. orzuk@broadinstitute.org. In collaboration with: . Amnon. Amir. Dept. . of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann . Genes which have more than two alleles.. Have . 3. or more alleles for the same gene (or at a single locus). . In Other Words – there are 3 or more alleles that create the different traits. . At most one individual will have 2 alleles or 1 pair  (unit factors exist in pairs).. Review 8. Important Vocabulary. Gene – piece of a chromosome that codes for a trait. Trait – a specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another. You are your parents!. Dad’s chromosomes.