M. Seidel (PSI ), E. Jensen - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

M. Seidel (PSI), E. Jensen (CERN), R. Gehring (KIT),Th. Parker (ESS), J. Stadlmann, P. Spiller (GSI)EuCARD² is co-funded by the partners and the European Commission under Capacities 7th Framework Programme, Grant Agreement 312453

The

Accelerator Energy Efficiency program of EuCARD

2

Slide2

Accelerator Efficiency – OutlinePolitical picture of energy efficiencyDesire: sustainable energy: but insufficient storage; numerical examples of amounts of energyConsequences for accelerator facilitiesW

ork package EnEfficient within the EuCARD

2 programPower flow in an acceleratorM

ajor consumers in typical accelerator facilities

C

onversion to secondary radiation: highest potentialExamples of technical developments towards higher efficiencyHeat recoveryEfficient magnetsEfficient RF generation, s.c. cavitiesEnergy management

abstract

concrete

Slide3

The Energy problemClimate change and worldwide scarcity of resources cause critical reflections on the use of fossil energy carriers; nuclear power has other problems and is disputed …Energy cost will rise over medium timescales (at least not decrease) Improving efficiency is a strategy in many countries, this also affects accelerator projects

 new accelerator projects and existing facilities must consider efficiency and sustainability

Slide4

Energy:

Order of Magnitude Examples

generation

consumption

storage1d cyclist „Tour de France“(4h x 300W): 1.2 kWh1 run of cloth washing machine:0.8…1 kWhCar battery (60 Ah

):0.72 kWh

1d Wind Power Station (avg):12 MWh

1d

SwissLightSource

2.4 GeV,0.4 A

:

82 MWh

ITER superconducting coil:

12.5 MWh

1d

nucl. Pow. Plant Leibstadt (CH):30 GWh1d CLIC Linear Collider @3TeV:14 GWhall German storage hydropower:40 GWh

CLIC, 580 MW

SLS, 3.5 MW

ITER

hydro storage

car battery

nucl

. plant 1.3 GW

cyclist, 300 W

wind-power, 3 MW peak

Slide5

Energy: Order of Magnitude Examplesgenerationconsumptionstorage1d cyclist „Tour de France

“(4h x 300W):

1.2 kWh1 run of cloth washing machine:0.8…1 kWhCar battery (

60 Ah

):

0.72 kWh1d Wind Power Station (avg):12 MWh1d SwissLightSource 2.4 GeV,0.4 A: 82 MWhITER superconducting coil:12.5 MWh

1d nucl. Pow. Plant Leibstadt (CH):

30 GWh1d CLIC Linear Collider @3TeV:

14

GWh

all German storage

hydropower

:

40

GWh

1d Earth/Moon System E-loss:

77

TWh1d electrical consumpt. mankind:53 TWhWorld storage hydropower:O(1 TWh )1d sunshine absorbed on Earth:

3,000,000 TWh1d total mankind (inc.fuels):

360 TWh

1.) Accelerators are in the range where they are relevant for society and public discussion

2.) Desired turn to renewables is an enormous task; storage is the problem, not production3.) Fluctuations of energy availability, depending on time and weather, will be large!

Slide6

Task 1: Energy recovery from cooling circuits, Th. Parker, A. Lundmark (ESS)Task 2: Higher electronic efficiency RF power generation, E. Jensen (CERN)Task 3: Short term energy storage systems, R. Gehring (KIT)Task 4: Virtual power plant, J. Stadlmann (GSI)

Task 5: Beam transfer channels with low power consumption, P. Spiller (GSI)

Networking Activity “EnEfficient”, EuCARD

2

links to all workshops on www.psi.ch/enefficientEuCARD: „European Coordination for Accelerator Research”, co-funded by European Commission, 2013…2017EnEfficient: WP3, networking activity to stimulate developments, support accelerator projects, thesis studies etc.

Work Package Leader: M. Seidel (PSI)

Slide7

Power flow in Accelerators Electrical GridAcceleratorRadio Frequency

MagnetsVacuum etc.

A

uxiliary

systemscryogenicsconv. cooling, AC etc.Instrumentse.g. particle detectors

conversion to secondary radiation (beam collisions, targets,

undulators …)

direct beam application

:

p-therapy

isotope production

secondary radiation

exotic particles, e.g. Higgs, B-mesons

synchrotron radiation

neutrons

muons

figure of

merit:

secondary

particles, X-rays on

sample per KWh

beam

finally all converted to waste heat !

Slide8

Ring Cyclotron 590 MeV

loss

 10

-4

Power transfer through

4 amplifier chains 4 resonators 50 MHz

SINQ

spallation source

Example:

PSI Facility, 10 MW

2.2 mA /1.3 MW

Proton therapy centre [250 MeV sc. cyclotron]

dimensions:

120 x 220 m

2

Muon production targets

50 MHz resonator

Slide9

Electricval grid ca. 10 MWRF Systems 4.1 MWMagnets

 2.6 MW

aux.SystemsInstruments 3.3 MW

Beam on targets

1.3 MW

heat  to river, to air

neutrons

muons

cryogenics

Example:

PSI Facility, 10 MW

n: per beamline:

10

13

s

-1

@ 10eV ≈ 20µW



+

: per beamline

5·10

8

s

-1

@ 30MeV/c

≈ 300µW

Slide10

Conversion efficiency grid to secondary radiation

Conversion to secondary radiation/particles is often required

 has great potential for the overall efficiency, for example:

Synchrotron Radiation

emittance!; optimized

undulators

; FEL: coherent radiation; energy recovery

Colliders

low-beta insertion; crab cavities etc.

Neutron Sources

target; moderators, neutron guides etc.

Muon Sources

target; capture optics; µ-cooling

PSI-HIPA: muons

PSI-HIPA: neutrons

SLS: SR

SwissFEL

: SR

linear collider, high energy:

Slide11

Example: improved conversion efficiency Spallation Target [M. Wohlmuther, PSI]

Measure

gainZr cladding instead steel

12%

more compact rod bundle

5%Pb reflector10%inverted entrance window10%total gain factor

1.42

colour code: neutron density on same scale

(MCNPX)

old

new

beam

beam

Slide12

Accelerator Efficiency – OutlinePolitical picture of energy efficiencyDesire: sustainable energy: but insufficient storage; numerical examples of amounts of energyConsequences for accelerator facilities

Work package EnEfficient within the Eucard-2 program

Power flow in an acceleratorMajor consumers in typical accelerator facilitiesConversion to secondary radiation: highest potential

Examples of technical developments towards higher efficiency

Heat recovery

Efficient magnetsEfficient RF generation, s.c. cavitiesEnergy management

Slide13

Participants (Experts) from DESY, ALBA, SOLEIL, ESS, MAX-4, PSI, DAFNE, ISIS (institutes)e-ON, Kraftringen, Lund municipality (industry, local authorities)

Lab survey on consumption and heat recoveryHeat recovery works for many facilities; high temperatures beneficial; local heat distribution system required

Greenhouses/food production present interesting application (non-linear scaling)New facilities MAX-4 and ESS foresee heat recovery on large scale

talks: http://indico.esss.lu.se/indico/event/148/

Heat Recovery Workshop, Lund, March 2014

[Th. Parker, E .Lindström, ESS]

Slide14

Lab Survey: Energy Consumption & Heat[Master Thesis, J. Torberntsson, ESS]

10 in operation

2 under Construction

Energy consumption

Cooling methods

Energy related costs

Slide15

Use of Waste Heatproduce work  electrical power?example:

: efficiency 8%

: efficiency 20%

 

convert heat to higher T level for heating purposes

example:

,

,

:

,

,

(available for heating)

 

use heat directly at available temperature

example:

: heating

: green houses, food production

 

1 [electrical power]

0.95 [mechanical power]

0.3…0.4 [heat]

Q

uality of power

Slide16

An increase in temperature from

to

doubled the growth rate in salmon

smolt

.

 

Weight (average) in grams

Days

 

A

.

Kiessling

However: strong scaling with

T

for food production, i.e. fish!

Slide17

Efficient RF Generation and Beam AccelerationThe more energy is converted – the less you have reject into environment!RF generation efficiency is key for many accelerator applications, especially high intensity machinesTopics at Cockcroft workshop:klystron developmentmulti beam IOT (ESS)magnetronshigh Q s.c. cavities

Workshop EnEfficient RF sources:

https://indico.cern.ch/event/297025/

E2V: magnetron

THALES: multi-beam klystron

CPI: multi-beam IOT

THALES: TETRODE

SIEMENS: solid state amplifier

Slide18

Inductive Output Tubes – considered for ESS[M. Jensen (ESS) @ EnEfficient RF sources, 2014]

P

in

P

out

Klystron/MBK

IOT

MB-IOT

back-off for feedback

Operating

Power Level

+6 dB



sat



65-68%

ESS ~ 45%

High gain

Low Gain

Long-pulse

excursions possible

Short-pulse

excursions possible

IOT

’

s don

’

t saturate.

Built-in headroom for feedback.



70%

Courtesy of CPI

Klystrons: Back-off for feedback, cost: 30%

IOTs: Operate close to max efficiency

Slide19

Klystrons: Methods to get high efficiency ()[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=7194781]

 

‘’Classical” bunchingNew bunching with core oscillations (COM)



RF

=78.0%Useful RF phase

Normalised velocity

Normalised velocity

RF period, rad



RF

=89.6%

Normalised velocity

RF period, rad

Electrons velocities distributions prior entering the output cavity

Bunch phase

Bunch phase

0

0

2



2



Output cavity

Output cavity

Slide20

Superconducting cavities for CW operationRelated references:A. Grasselino et al., “Nitrogen and argon doping of niobium for superconducting radio frequency cavities: a pathway to highly efficient accelerating structures”, Supercond. Sci. Technol., vol. 26 No. 102001S. Posen and A. Liepe, “RF Test results of the first NB2SN Cavities coated at Cornell”, Proceedings of SRF2013, Paris France

Voltage

, dissipated power and cryogenic efficiency:

New developments:

N

2 doping, high Q, low PdissipPossibly Nb3Sn cavities, high Q at 4.2K, thus better

 

promising example: FNAL results

 

Slide21

Low power accelerator magnetsWorkshop on Special Compact and Low Consumption Magnet Design, November 2014, CERN; indico.cern.ch/event/321880/in prep: Ph. Gardlowski, master thesis, systematic comparison of beam transport

TypePro

Con

Permanent magnets

No power required, reliable, compact

Tunability difficult, large aperture magnets limited, radiation damageOptimized electro-magnetLow power, less cooling (+vibrations)

 Larger size, cost

Pulsed magnet

Low average power, less cooling, high fields

Complexity of magnet and circuit, field errors

Superconducting magnet

No

ohmic

losses, higher fields

Cost

, complexity,

cryo

installationHigh saturation materials

Lower power, compactnessand weight

 Cost, gain is limited

Slide22

NdFeB magnets with Br = 1.37 T 4 permanent magnet blocksgradient = 15.0…60.4 T/m, stroke = 0..64 mmPole gap = 27.2 mm

Field quality = ±0.1% over 23 mm

Permanent Magnet Quad Design for CLIC

[B. Shepard, STFC Daresbury]

Stroke =

0 … 64 mm

Tunable

high-gradient permanent magnet quadrupoles, B.J.A. Shepherd

et al

 2014

JINST

9 T11006

Slide23

Pulsed Quadrupole Magnet

[P. Spiller et al, GSI]

Prototype Quadrupole

Gradient

80 T/m

Length

0.65 m

Pulse length

90

m

s (beam 1

m

s)

Peak current

400 kA (35 kA)

Peak voltage

17 kV (5 kV)

Energy @17 kV

65 kJ (5.6 kJ)

Inductivity

535 nH

Capacitor

450

m

F

Forces

200 kN

Engineering model of the prototype quadrupole magnet incl. support

See U. Bell et al:

IPAC15: WEPMA021

low average power; energy recovery in capacitive storage possible for periodic operation; high field

complexity added by pulsing circuit; field precision potentially challenging

Slide24

E management: impact of solar/wind energy(taken from internet)Renewables cause strong variationsImpact on accelerators?

Energy management, but how?

Germany

Slide25

Energy management example: CLIC Study on standby modes

Andrea Latina, CERN

CLIC project predicts large power for 3TeV case: 580 MW

idea:

Prepare standby modes for high consumption times during day; relatively fast luminosity recovery from standby (challenging)

Model calculation includes standby power, start-up timesresult of model with 2 standbys during day:

Slide26

Energy Storage for AcceleratorsLIQuid HYdrogen & SMES

storage systems needed for:

pulsed RF systems

cycling synchrotrons

pulsed magnets

uninterrupted powerstrategic energy managementdevelopment by KIT for general purpose:hybrid SMES/LH2[M. Sander, R. Gehring, KIT]

large power 10...100 MWcapacity to

70 GWhSMES to 10 GJ

synergy with existing cryogenics

Slide27

SummaryWith scarcity of resources and in presence of global climate change, Energy Efficiency becomes important for accelerator projects; Eucard-2 offers a networking activity dedicated to this topic.Physics concept to generate radiation for users has large potential for efficiency (SR, exotic particles, µ, n etc.); advancements should be better communicated as efficiency improvementsMany technical efforts are undertaken with heat recovery, RF systems, cavities, magnets, energy management

3rd Workshop

on Sustainable Energy for large Accelerator RI‘s took place last week at DESY: http://erf.desy.de/energyworkshopPlanned

:

proton

driver efficiency (Feb 16), http://indico.psi.ch/event/Proton.Driver.Efficiency.WorkshopEnergy management (2016)EuCARD2/EnEfficient – stay tuned: www.psi.ch/enefficient

Thank you for your attention!