From 1300 to 1700 three gunpowder empires dominated parts of Europe Africa amp Asia The Ottoman Empire The Safavid Empire The Mughal Empire These empires were unique but shared some similarities ID: 303198
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Slide1
Ch. 28: Islamic Empires of the Early Modern Era Slide2
From 1300 to 1700, three
“
gunpowder empires
”
dominated parts of Europe, Africa, & Asia
The Ottoman Empire
The Safavid Empire
The Mughal EmpireSlide3
These empires were
unique,
but shared some similarities:
All 3 empires were able to conquer neighboring people because they formed strong armies using
cannons
& artillery
All 3 empires were Islamic & ruled by Muslim leaders with well-organized gov’ts made up of loyal bureaucrats
All 3 empires blended their culture with neighboring societies to create a high point of Islamic culture Slide4
The Ottoman EmpireSlide5
The Ottomans: Empire
Builders
Mongol invasions & fall of Abbasid Caliphate
allowed Ottomans
to build power base in Anatolia (Turkey)
Osman—early leader, dominated other Turkic groups1350s--Expansion into Europe!Mehmed
II –Conquered Constantinople in 1453
, w/ siege warfare, cannonsThen further into Europe—Greece,
Albania, Black & Caspian Seas
Invaded
Italy &
attempted
to
capture
Pope
, but
failed
Mehmed
the ConquerorSlide6
Hagia
Sophia after Ottoman ConquestSlide7
Ottoman Empire: A
Military State?
Ghazi
--
Muslim religious warriors; “sword of God”
Military leaders played prominent role in Ottoman gov’t.“Warrior aristocracy”
competed w/ religious leaders for control of bureaucracyJanissaries--conscripted boys (Christians), military slaves
received special training, learned Turkish language, & converted to IslamJanissaries pledged loyalty to sultan (became his
private army)—led to decline in role of
aristocrats
A
“Gunpowder
Empire”—
soldiers were outfitted with primitive gunpowder
weapons & cannonsSlide8
Ottoman Sultans & their Court
“Absolute” monarchs??
Sultans dealt with many factions
Ex.: Janissaries vs. religious scholars
Sultans were military leaders
& ran an org. bureaucracySuleyman the MagnificentHeight of imperialism (conquered Baghdad & Belgrade)Put pressure on Habsburgs and
European vessels in MediterraneanHowever, sultans grew distant/secluded; focused on large harems more than political and economic issues
Suleyman the MagnificentSlide9
Battle of
Lepanto
(vs. Austrian Hapsburgs, 1571)
(Slide10
Flowering of Ottoman Culture
Constantinople—bad scene
immediately after 1453!
Mehmed began restoration; converted Hagia
Sophia to mosque (Aya Sofya); built new mosques, palaces, hospitals, gardens, etc.Adapted Byz ideas—aqueducts, concrete domes, markets, walls
Suleymaniye mosque is considered a hallmark of Ottoman architecture
Topkapi Palace housed gov’t offices, residence for sultan and his harem, pleasure pavilion, etc.Slide11
Suleiman Mosque
Inside the
Topkapi
Palace (Harem’s den?)Slide12
Cosmopolitan markets
Coffeehouses
—place for men to gather, smoke, talk politics; key for social & cultural life in Constantinople, poets, scholars
Commerce regulated by Otto gov’t, inspectors, guilds controlled trade/quality/training
Linguistic heritage—Arabic used for law & religion, Turkish preferred for arts & bureaucracy
Artistic legacy—poetry, arabesque mosaics, ceramics, carpet, architecture Flowering of Ottoman Culture Slide13
Ottoman Decline
Ottoman Empire lasted 600 years; long-lived
REASONS for DECLINE:
Limits of expansion by late 17
th
C—no new conquests, started to lose landslost tax revenueCorruption among gov’t. officials; local officials kept revenues & squeezed peasants for more rebellions!Sultans became disconnected (focus on pleasure over governing)
viziers & Janissaries gained more power (were less loyal)CULTURAL CONSERVATISM—ignorance of European advancements & resistance to printing pressMilitary technology fell by wayside (Ottomans continued to use large cannons when Europeans adapted light artillery)
The Empire was officially dismantled after World War ISlide14
The Safavid EmpireSlide15
The Safavid Empire
The Safavids were Turks living in Persia who built a powerful gunpowder army & created an empire in modern-day Iran
Unlike the Ottomans who were Sunni Muslims, the
Safavids
believed in
Shi’a Islam
& strictly converted the people they conquered
Safavid rulers
were called
shahs
, using the Persian title for king Slide16
the
Safavid
Empire: Shiite v. Sunni
Rose from Turkic nomads (post-Mongols & Tamerlane)
“Frontier warriors”—
Shi’itesDifferences over views on caliph grew into doctrinal, ritual & legal differences
conflict!Safi al-Din—a Sufi mystic; led campaign to purify & reform Islam) among Turks in early 1300s
Isma’il—was proclaimed shah (emperor) by 1501; conquered most of Persia & waged war w/ OttomansSlide17
the
Safavid
Empire: Shiite Rule
Shah
Isma’il proclaimed Twelver
Shiism the
offical religion of his realmTwelver Shi’ites
believe
there were
12
rightful imams after Muhammad (
12
th
was driven into hiding)
Believed
he
will
return to lead them & spread the “true” religion
Qizilbash
-
followers
who wore “red hats” w/
12
pleats to symbolize the
12
imams
Battle of
Chaldiran
, 1514
battle w/Ottomans (Sunnis); driven by religious fervor
Safavids
declined to use artillery, dismissing it as “unmanly” and unreliable (they also believed the Shah could make them invincible)
Safavid
loss in the battle hindered growth of Shiite sect (Shiite rule became confined to Persia)Slide18
Shah
Abbas
I
Encouraged trade (regionally & even w/ Europeans)
Moved capital to Isfahan
(cultural center)Promoted culture & the artsBuilding projects: great mosques, universities, gardens, bath housesArts: miniatures, mosaics, carpetsSociety & Gender rolesPatriarchy (based on Sharia law)
Women had legal disadvantagesSeclusion & veiling, imposed on all, but especially elites
the Safavid
Empire:
Shi’ite
Rule
Slide19
Safavid silk carpet
Persian Miniature Slide20
Shah Mosque
Isfahan,
1611-1666Slide21Slide22
Decline & fall of
Safavids
Shah
Abbas
I paranoid: blinded or killed suitable successorsPractice of secluding princesweak leaders
Foreign threats--nomads, Ottomans, MughalsMarch-Oct. 1722: Afghani attacks, Isfahan fellNadir Khan Afshar—winner of post-fall struggles for control; self-proclaimed shah in 1736; short-livedRegion became battleground for stronger neighborsSlide23
The Mughal EmpireSlide24
Mughals
in India
Babur
Expulsion from steppes = motivation for conquestTurkic backgroundUsed mobile artillery & cavalry to defeat larger Lodi force; scared the elephants!
outnumbered, defeated Hindu kingsCharacter: military strategist, fighter, patron of arts & music, writer, musician, designer of gardensCapital at Delhi
Babur’s victory at Panipat, 1526Slide25
Akbar
height of Mughal rule
Had a vision for unity in empire
Social reforms: reconciliation w/Hindu princes, ended jizya, Hindus in bureaucracy, allowed widows to remarry, discouraged child marriages, made sati illegal, relief from purdah (seclusion)
Tolerance & universal religion: “Divine Faith”Hindu warrior aristocrats controlled peasant villages; local controls left to support centralized gov’t
Economy: collected income via tribute, taxesMughals in India Slide26
Taj Mahal
Agra, India
1631-47
Mughal Architecture
Red Fort, Taj Mahal (built by Shah Jahan as a tomb for his wife)
Blends Persian & Hindu traditions (domes, arches, minarets w/ornamentation)Symmetry, color, creativitycreate paradise on earthSlide27
Peace & stability weakened by religious tensions between Muslims, Hindus, Sufis, and Sikhs
Sikhism
: new sect in NW India, tried to bridge diff bet Hinduism & Islam, but persecution of Sikhs led to a rise in anti-Muslim feelings
From Shah Jahan’s reign on, rulers began to ignore admin., milit., & social needs for reform
Econ production & standard of living declinedRulers conquered new lands, but spent lots of money & did not grow bureaucracy to govern them Peasant uprisings, revolts of local Hindu princesLocal officials taking revenues from central gov’t
InvadersOpen to foreign influence—England waiting for economic opportunity & colonization
Decline of Mughal India Slide28
Akbar riding an elephant
Siege attack on Rajput forces Slide29
Turkey commissioned by Jahangir
Madonna and ChildSlide30
Shah Jahan’s elephant
Indian Bird