yamineva Phd UEF Climaterelated policies in russia an overview Structure Russia and UN Framework Convention on Climate Change Kyoto Protocol Climate Doctrine national emission reduction goal ID: 600442
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Slide1
Yulia yamineva, Phd, UEF
Climate-related policies in
russia
: an overviewSlide2
StructureRussia and UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, Kyoto ProtocolClimate Doctrine, national emission reduction goalClimate-related policies in the energy sector: energy efficiency, renewable energy, reducing emissions from gas flaringKyoto Protocol mechanismsRussia’s position on a future UN agreement on climate changePerspectives on EU-Russia climate cooperationSlide3
Russia and UnfcccRatified the Convention in 1994Annex I Party: limiting GHGs, reportingBut “economy in transition”: “a certain degree of flexibility” and no financial commitments Ratified Kyoto Protocol in 2004Kyoto-1 for 2008-2012: not exceeding emissions of 1990In 1997 emissions were 37% lower than in 1990 – holder of excess carbon credits Slide4
Russia’s GHG emissionsIn 2013, emissions were at 70% from 1990 levels (Ministry for Economic Development)Fourth largest emitter in the world but role of sinksEnergy sector accounts for 82.4% of total emissionsOne of the most carbon intensive economies. Energy efficiency potential is about 45% (World Bank 2008)Slide5
Evolution of climate policyNo national climate policy and legislation up to 2009Climate Doctrine 2009 (anthropogenic climate change). Mitigation policies: increasing energy efficiency in all sectors of the economy;
developing
renewables and alternative sources of energy;
reducing
market failures and implementing financial and tax measures to promote greenhouse gas emission reductions; and
protection
and enhancement of sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases, including sustainable forest management, afforestation and reforestation on a sustainable
basis
No national goal. At COP 15, Medvedev 25 %, later 15-25 %, then again 25% but not formalised legally
In parallel: energy efficiency legislationSlide6
Energy sector: Energy efficiencyPolicy document - Energy Strategy for the period up to 2030 (2009);Federal Law on Energy Conservation and Increasing Energy Efficiency (2009) and its Action Plan: to decrease energy intensity of GDP by 40% in 2020 compared to 2007;Ministry for Energy: State Programme on Energy Efficiency and Development of the Energy Sector (2012): state guarantees, subsidies and other measuresModest progress, unclear financing sourcesSlide7
Energy sector: gas flaringReducing emissions from gas flaring:World’s “leader” on gas flaring: 2011 – utilised only 75.4 %Governmental resolution of 2009: to utilise 95% of Associated Petroleum Gas from 2012; increased sanctionsOil companies Slide8
Energy sector: renewable energyRenewable energy: currently 1 % in the energy mix but truly gigantic potential, especially in isolated areas. Federal Electricity Law, governmental resolution of 2009 “Main Directions for the State Policy in the Area of Increasing Electrical Energy Efficiency on the Basis of the Use of Renewables for the Period up to
2020”
Increase
to 4.5% by 2020
but not on track
Insufficient legal and regulatory framework to stimulate RE under a premium-based scheme
But a new capacity-based scheme 2013Slide9
Kyoto protocol’s mechanismsTook very long to develop a domestic framework on JI Framework of 2007 never usedNew framework 2009 (revised in 2011):Projects are approved on the basis of tender
Ceiling of emission reductions 300
mln
units
Sberbank
is the main operator
Commitment to reinvest revenue in modernisation & environmental projects
In total, 150 projects initiated, emissions reductions of more than 380
mln
ton CO2eq – leading position after China
Sectors:
oil&gas
, metallurgy, district heating, chemicals etc. Energy efficiency and renewables – 62% Slide10
Russia and future agreementRussia did not sign up for Kyoto-2 so:no targetsno participation in mechanismsbut still part of KPStrong position on a future agreement: all major emitters (China and US) should participate in a future agreement; role of carbon sinks should be accounted for.Slide11
ChallengesLack of political will, lags behind other countriesClimate change, low-carbon development is no policy driver Insufficient policy, legislative and financial support
Implementation/enforcement issues
Inter-ministry
fights:
e.g. Ministry
of Economic Development
vs
Ministry of Natural Resources
BUTSlide12
Recent developmentsPost-Doha 2012 – creation of the Inter-Agency Working Group on Climate Change and Sustainable Development Current discussion on mitigation policies:How to use the JI infrastructure (state to purchase credits? through the Programme on Energy Efficiency)Proposal for a national ETS by the Ministry for Economic Development National emission reduction goal. Draft decree bouncing back and forthIn parallel, strengthening national legislation on reducing air pollution and best available environmental technologiesSlide13
Perspectives on EU-Russia climate cooperationPackaging: low-carbon vs increasing energy efficiency, economic competitiveness, innovationCollaboration on research, innovation, best practices“Green image” factors: climate-neutral Olympics etcRole of big companies: voluntary carbon reporting, equator principlesOECD ascension – strengthening environmental legislationSlide14
THANK YOU!!yulia.yamineva@uef.fiUpdate on Yamineva, Yulia. Climate Law and Policy in Russia: a Peasant Needs Thunder to Cross Himself and Wonder. In Hollo, Erkki, Kati Kulovesi and Michael Mehling, eds. Climate Change and the Law, Springer, 2013. Pp. 551-566. Available on SSRN.