Skeletal System 206 bones in the body - PowerPoint Presentation

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Skeletal System

206 bones in the body

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BONES

FUNCTIONS

Supports

body and provides shape.Protects internal organs.Movement and anchorage of muscles.Mineral storage. (Calcium and phorphorus)Hemopoiesis 

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OSTEOCYTE – mature bone cell

OSTEOBLAST-

Immature bone cell

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BONE FORMATION

Embryo skeletal starts as

osteoblasts

(primitive embryonic cells) – then change to cartilage.At 8 weeks, OSSIFICATION begins. (Mineral matter begins to replace cartilageInfant bones soft because

ossification

not complete at birth

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FONTANEL - Soft spot on baby’s head

Will ossify (become hard bone) around 18 months of age

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STRUCTURE OF LONG BONE

DIAPHYSIS – shaft

EPIPHYSES – ends

MEDULLARY CAVITY – center of shaft, filled with yellow bone marrow, which is mostly fat cells, also cells that form white blood cells.

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ENDOSTEUM – lines marrow cavity

 

Shaft is made of COMPACT BONE – ends are SPONGY BONE. Ends contain red marrow where red blood cells are made.

 PERIOSTEUM – tough, outside covering of bone – contains blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves.

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AXIAL & APPENDICULAR SKELETON

AXIAL – skull, spinal column, ribs, sternum, hyoid

 

APPENDICULAR – shoulder girdle, arms, pelvis, legs

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Skull

Comprised of 22 bones

Cranium made up of 9 bones

1 frontal2 parietal2 temporal1 occipital1 ethmoid1 sphenoid

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Skull/Facial BonesFacial bones make up the remaining 14 bones of the skull

2

nasal

1 vomer2 inferior concha2 maxilla2 lacrimal

2

zygomatic

2

palatine

1 mandible

 

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Spine – Vertebral ColumnEncloses the spinal cord

Vertebrae –

bones of the spine

separated by pads of cartilage called intervertebral discs 

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Spinal columnCervical vertebrae (7)  

Thoracic vertebrae (12) 

Lumbar vertebrae (5)

 Sacrum Coccyx

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Ribs and SternumSternum divided into 3 parts – bottom tip is XIPHOID

PROCESS

 

12 pairs of ribs – first 7 are true ribs – connected to sternum by cartilagenext 3 are false ribs – cartilage connects them to 7th rib (not sternum)next 2 are floating

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Appendicular Skeleton

Shoulder Girdle

clavicle

– collar bonescapula – shoulder bladehumerus – upper armradius and ulna – lower arm

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Wrist/Hands Bonescarpals – wrist bones – held together by ligamentsmetalcarpals – hand bones

phalanges – fingers

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Pelvic Girdlepelvis – 3 bones (ilium, ischium

, and pubis)

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Leg Bonesfemur – upper leg, longest and strongest bone in bodytibia and fibula – lower legpatella – kneecap

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Foot/Ankle Bonestarsal bones – anklecalcaneus – heel bone

metatarsals – foot bones

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JOINTS

Joints are points of contact between 2 bones – classified according to movement:

 

SYNOVIAL FLUID – lubricating substance in joints

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JointsBALL AND SOCKET JOINT – bone with ball-shaped head fits into concave socket of 2

nd

bone. Shoulders and hips.

HINGE JOINTS – move in one direction or plane. Knees, elbows, outer joints of fingers.

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JointsPIVOT JOINT –

those with an extension rotate on a 2

nd

, arch shaped bone. Radius and ulna, atlas and axis.GLIDING JOINTS – flat surfaces glide across each other. Vertebrae of spine.SUTURE – immovable joint

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Types of MotionMotion: Increase or decrease the angle between 2 bones.

FLEXION

Bending motion that

decreases the angle of the joint bringing the 2 bones closer together.

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EXTENSIONMovement that

increases

the angle between the 2 bones.

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ABDUCTIONMovement of the limb along the frontal plane. Raising an arm laterally or spreading the fingers

ADDUCTION

Movement of the limb toward the body.

CIRCUMDUCTIONMovement of a limb in a circle or cone shape.

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ROTATIONTurning of the bone along its own long axis. Only movement allowed between first 2 cervical vertebra

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PRONATIONMovement of the radius around the ulna. palm faces down

SUPINATION

Movement of the radius around the ulna. palm faces up

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Disorders of the Bones and Joints

FRACTURE – a

break

 Treated by:CLOSED REDUCTION – cast or splint appliedOPEN REDUCTION – surgical intervention with devices such as wires, metal plates or screws to hold the bones in alignment (internal fixation)

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Treatment of FracturesTRACTION – pulling force used to hold the bones in place – used for fractures of long bones

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GREENSTICK – in children, bone bent and splintered but never completely separate

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Spiral-twisting of bone causes bone to break

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Comminuted FractureBone will break into many fragments or pieces

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Compound FractureThe bone will break through the skinA simple fracture, the bone does not penetrate through the skin

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DISLOCATION – bone displaced from proper position in jointSPRAIN – sudden or unusual motion, ligaments torn but joint not dislocated

STRAIN – overstretching or tearing muscle

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Diseases of Bones

ARTHRITIS – inflammation of one or more joints

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Abnormal curvatures of the spine:

KYPHOSIS

– hunchback

LORDOSIS – swaybackSCOLIOSIS – lateral curvature

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Diagnosis and Treatment:ARTHROSCOPY – examination into joint using

arthroscope

with fiber optic lens, most knee injuries treated with arthroscopy.

 

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Arthroscopy