Distributivity and ReflexivityHindicating that the bare exceptionally - PDF document

Distributivity and ReflexivityHindicating that the bare exceptionally induces* Despite the appeal of a uniform explanation for the zijiziji * 1. aa.They bought a car.b. a.Tamen mai-le yi-liangche.They buy-L (Collective readingonly.)b.Zhangsan he Lisi kan-le liang-ben shu.Zhangsan and Lisi read--CL bookÔZhangsan and Lisi read two books.Õ (Collective reading only.)A distributive reading requires the presence of dou ÔallÕ or ge ÔeachÕ. 1 1 dou distributes tamen ge tamenge mai-le PERFbook (3)a.Tamen dou/ge mai-le yi-liang che.They all/each buy--CL (Distributivereading only.)b.Zhangsan he liang-benshu. *tamenge mai-le shu. they PERFbook *tamenge mai-le PERFthat-CLbook *tazhengbenshugekanle. hewholevolumebook *tashuige he le. hePERF :(vi)tamendoumai-le they all buy-PERFbooktamendou mai-leshu.they all buy-PERFbookÔThey all bought books.Õ(viii) tamendoumai-le they all buy-PERFthat-CLbookÔThey all bought that book.Õ(ix)tazhengbenshudoukanle.hewholevolumebookalltashuidouhele.he drinkPERF ge is able dou Zhangsan and Lisi all/each -CL bookÔZhangsan and Lisi both/each read two books.Õ (Distributivereading only.) on whether the matrix subject or the embedded subject, or (4) e. 2 (5)Lao Zhang he yibai yuan.Lao Zhang andLao Li say they willhit 100 dollar 2 Lao Zhang and Lao Li argued that they would win $100.The distributive readings indicated in (4b-e) are obtained only if (or ge)Lao Zhang he Lao Li shuotamendou hui zhongyibai yuan.Lao Zhang andLao Li say they all will hit100 dollarLao Zhang he Lao Li doushuoLao Li allsaythey will hit 100dollarLao Zhang he Lao Li doushuotamendou hui zhong yibaiyuan.Lao Zhang andLao Li allsaythey all will hit 100 dollar (9) 3Lao Zhang and Lao Li all say self will hit 100 dollar 3 mei-ge renidoushuotaimeiyoukong. personallsay ishuotai/tamenimeiyoukong. Zhangsan and Lisi all say he/they individuals. is notpresent:(10)Tamenku-de yanjingzhong-le qilai.they PERFupto distributivity; it the universal quantification, emphasizing that the event words, a sentence may be inherently as such the.1.2 Puzzle One: Local Reflexivea. They praised themselves.b.John and Mary criticized themselves. etc.). We can easily the collective and of self-praise or self-criticism (e.g., each of them says, ÒI am greatÓ or both In this way we could say4 under the distributive reading, each atomic event singularmember of the plural subject is an event of self-praise or self-criticism. may be that each member praises at least5 In fact, the collectiveeach other. Given the(12)a.Zhangsan he Lisi zaipipingziji.Zhangsan and Lisi atÔZhangsan and Lisi are criticizing themselves.Õb.Tamen youzaikuajiangzijile.Theyagain atpraiseselfASP 4 5 According to (12a), both Zhangsan and Lisi are engaged in some act of self-according to (12b), each of tamen ÔthemÕ is praisinghimself/herself. favor a (13)a. Zhangsan he Lisi tai-qi-le ziji-degangqin.Zhangsan and Lisi lift-up-pianoÔZhangsan and Lisi [respectively] lifted their pianos.Õ we have the compound form . a.Zhangsan heLisi zaipiping tamen-ziji.Zhangsan andÔZhangsan and Lisi are criticizing themselves.Õb.Tamen youzaikuajiangtamen-zijile.They again atpraise themselvesASP can be added:(15)a.Zhangsan he Lisi dou zai piping tamen-ziji.Zhangsan and criticize themselvesÔBoth Zhangsan and Lisi are criticizing themselves.Õb.Tamen you dou zai kuajiang tamen-ziji le.They again all at praise themselvesASPÔAll of them are praising themselves again.Õ However, even in (15) the distributive reading should still be distinguishedthat observed with (12). In (15) only the plural subjects ,that makes a sentence (strongly) distributive?1.3 Puzzle Two: Long-Distance Reflexive can have an antecedentoutside of its governing category:(16)ZhangsanishuoLisijpiping-lezijii/jZhangsan say Lisifree, but subject to blocking under certain circumstances. For(17)Zhangsani shuowoj piping-le ziji*i/jZhangsan say youZhangsan said that I criticized *him/myself.(18)Zhangsanishuonij piping-le ziji*i/jZhangsan say you Zhangsan said that I criticized *him/myself. Tang (1989) noted that although a plural local subject does not block aZhangsani shuo tamenjpiping-lezijii/j.Zhangsan say they Zhangsan said that they criticized him/themselves.a singular local subject does seem to block a plural remote antecedent:(20)TamenishuoZhangsanjpiping-leziji*i/jThey say ZhangsanThey said that Zhangsan criticized *them/himself.If the plural remote antecedent is followed by dou ÔallÕ and hence interpretedsingularly), long-distance binding again becomespossible.(21)Tamenidoushuo Zhangsanjpiping-lezijii/jThey all say Zhangsan,6embedded and matrix subjects are both third-person plural. Although noÔtheyÕ:(22)Tamenishuotamenjchangpipingziji*i/j. (i ¹ j)they say theyoftenÔTheyij*i/j.Õ(23)Tamenidoushuotamenjchangpipingzijii/j. (i ¹ j) 6 theyall saytheyoften ÔEach of themiji/themselvesj.ÕThe real generalization is similar to the one we arrived at in the precedingsub-section. antecedent, but requires such an be Ziji ,which lacks any overt specification of its phi-features, is inherently (lexically) Under *They criticized himself. The problem here is that (12a)taziji: (24)*Zhangsanhe Lisizaipipingtaziji. Zhangsanand Ô*Zhangsan and Lisi are criticizing himself.Õ ÔallÕ:(25)*Zhangsan he Lisidouzaipiping taziji. Zhangsan andLisiall at Ô*Zhangsan and Lisi are both criticizing himself.Õ In fact, even under the distributive reading, a compound reflexive taking atamen-ziji ÔthemselvesÕ: (26)Zhangsanhe Lisi(dou)zaipipingtamen-ziji.Zhangsan andLisi (all) at same point can be made with (compound)(27)The contestants each think that they are the best.Here they are examples of what have been known asa.They have bleeding noses.b.*They have a bleeding nose. ziji 3. zijithe an object does not (30)a.They are shaving themselves.c.They have bloody noses.of denoting an atomic event or property, forcing7a.a.Zhangsan he Lisi zaiziwo-piping.Zhangsan andLisiatTamenzi-sha le.Theyself-killASPÔThey committed suicide.Õ 7 self- zi- and ziwo- These sentences contrast with those in which a compound reflexive, liketamen-zijisentence like They inflicted wounds upon 8 Lisi zaipipingziji.Zhangsan and Lisi atÔZhangsan and Lisi are criticizing themselves.Õ Lisi zaipipingtamen-ziji.Zhangsan and Lisi at ÔZhangsan and Lisi are criticizing themselves.Õ reflexive argument behave LF, the bare reflexive ziji or tamen-zijiZhangsanheLisizaizijii-pipingti.ZhangsanandLisiat in (32a), as part Given that a reflexive predicate denotes an 8 say that the bare reflexive, by forming a LF,ÒsingularizesÓ a predicate, forcing it to denote atomic events. induces is also supported by 0 dou. (34)*TamenishuoZhangsanpiping-lezijii. They said that Zhangsan criticized them.(35) TamenidoushuoZhangsanpiping-lezijii. Zhangsan ÔEveryone of them said that Zhangsan criticized him/her.If ziji (36)Tamenizijii-shuoZhangsanpiping-leti.Theyfulfilled. ziji9 9 . (i) degequ.they play-PERFself DEsong mingyun de gequ.They play-PERF one-CL about self destiny DE song deshu. they join-write-PERFselfDEbook Tamen youguanzijideshu. they join-write-PERFone-CLabout self DEbook ziji. To summarize, we have seen that the problems posed in Section 1 the local verb, thus deriving distributivity of a local plural subject unmarkeddou. ziji ofzijisemantic representation, bound by an operator that ranges over assumed here.account of the bare , many scholars have now betreated as instances of logophoric core cases of(38) Chierchia (1989), drawing on Lewis (1979), developed a formal account of (39)Zhangsan shuo [zijii [Lisi chang piping ti]].Zhangsan say self Lisi often ziji(40)Zhangsan shuo (lxsaid (Z, lx ziji. LewisÕ de re vs. de sePavarottii said that hiside re de se l()(iii)said (P, l()11 0 0 (42)TamenidoushuoZhangsanpiping-le zijiiTheyall sayZhangsanÔEveryone of them said that Zhangsan criticized him/himself.Under the intended reading, (42) has the LF structure (43):(43)Tamenidoushuo[zijii ti]]Theyallsay self ZhangsanThe Ôde se operatorÕ (as we shall call the IP-adjoined ziji de se beliefs:12(44)A de se beliefs.ziji13 simply follows from ziji de se do not distribute without an overt marker, the obligatory occurrence of isexplained. That the de se requirement on a long-distance ziji drastically reduces the(4) e. (5)Lao Zhang he yibai yuan.Lao Zhang andLao Li say they willhit 100 dollarLao Zhang he Lao Li shuotamendou hui zhongyibai yuan.Lao Zhang andLao Li say they all will hit100 dollarLao Zhang he Lao Li doushuoLao Li allsaythey will hit 100dollarLao Zhang he Lao Li doushuotamendou hui zhong yibaiyuan.Lao Zhang andLao Li allsaythey all will hit 100 dollar Both Lao Zhang and Lao Li argued they would both(9) Lao Zhang and Lao Li all say self will hit 100 dollar ill-formed when replaced by (5Õ)Lao Lishuozijihui Zhang andLao Lisayselfwillhit100dollar (but cannotbe), as in (6Õ) and (8Õ):(6Õ)*Lao Zhang he yibai yuan. Lao Zhang andLao Li sayself all willhit 100 dollar(8Õ)*Lao Zhang he Lao Li doushuozijidouhui zhong yibaiyuan. Lao Zhang andall willhit 100 dollar(7Õ) Lao Zhang he Lao Li dou Lao Li allsay self will hit 100dollar That cannot meaning of (7), with ziji The ungrammaticality of all of (5Õ)-(8Õ) follows if we say that the long- .14 (45) ÔPavarotti and Domingo have said that selfÕs pants are on fire.Õ Another example showing the same point:(46)Francesca e Maria hanno detto che i propri articoli sono pronti. distributive reading can again be reduced to the fact that de se beliefs hold of as well:(i) In this paper, we observed that the bare reflexive ziji as a case of se beliefs, again forcing a distributive reading on a remote pluralantecedent. qualify as the antecedent of the de se zijidou. the two crucially on adistinction we make of the local and the long-distance reflexive: the former ade se ,Chomsky, .Cole, Peter, and Li-May Sung. Principles Gil, David. 1982. Quantifier Scope, Linguistic Variation, and Natural Language Huang, C.-T. James and C.-C. Jane Tang. 1991. Also in Kuno, Direct . Its The Referential Properties of Chinese Noun Phrase Roberts, Craige. 1987. C.-C. Jane. Ph.D.