Energy - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Energy(TKK-2129)

13/14 Spring Semester

Instructor: Rama

Oktavian

Email: rama.oktavian86@gmail.com

Office Hr.:

M.13-15, Tu. 13-15, W. 13-15, Th. 13-15, F. 09-11Slide2

Outlines

1.

Biomass gasification recent update

2. Biomass pyrolysis recent update

3. Biodiesel production recent update

4.

Second generation

biofuelSlide3

Biomass to energy technology

Biomass conversion into energy

Boyle,

Renewable Energy,

Oxford University Press (2004)Slide4

Biomass to energy technology

Biomass gasification recent update

Hydrogen production from steam gasification of biomassSlide5

Biomass to energy technology

Hydrogen production from steam gasification of biomassIntroduction

Hydrogen is considered as clean energy and the most promising energy source that can be used in internal combustion engines as well as fuel cells with less pollution on the environment, especially without CO

2

emission

To meet the renewable and sustainable hydrogen production, biomass is considered as the ideal primary energy sourceThermo-chemical routes is economically viable to produce hydrogen energy from biomass Slide6

Biomass to energy technology

Hydrogen production from steam gasification of biomassIntroduction

Gasification is favorable process to convert biomass into hydrogen

Steam gasification is recommended to be the most

favorable

option for enhancing both hydrogen concentration and yield in the syngas produced

Steam gasification still has problem with undesirable CO2 and tar formed during the process.CaO is gaining interest in H2-rich gas production as catalyst and sorbent for capturing CO2 and tar.Slide7

Biomass to energy technology

Hydrogen production from steam gasification of biomassRoutesSlide8

Biomass to energy technology

Hydrogen production from steam gasification of biomassReactionSlide9

Biomass to energy technology

Hydrogen production from steam gasification of biomassComparison result of gasifying agentSlide10

Biomass to energy technology

Biomass gasification recent update

Comparison result of gasifying agentSlide11

Biomass to energy technology

Hydrogen production from steam gasification of biomassComparison of hydrogen production costSlide12

Biomass to energy technology

Hydrogen production from steam gasification of biomassProblems, challenges, and prospects

Undesirable CO

2

generation due to water-gas shift reaction

The formation of unwanted tar – condensable organic compounds could be produced during gasification and become entrained in the syngas - Use of the syngas contaminated with tars can cause fouling and blocking of downstream pipelines and equipments Slide13

Biomass to energy technology

Hydrogen production from steam gasification of biomassProblems, challenges, and prospects

The use of

CaO

has emerged- CO2 and tar produced during steam gasification of biomass can be simultaneously captured and cracked

The presence of CaO in steam gasification process can provide a good option in sustainable H2-rich gas production Slide14

Biomass to energy technology

Hydrogen production from steam gasification of biomassThe use of

CaO

studySlide15

Biomass to energy technology

Hydrogen production from steam gasification of biomassCaO

chemical looping

gasifcationSlide16

Biomass to energy technology

Biomass pyrolysis

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/pyrolysis.htmlSlide17

Biomass to energy technology

Biomass pyrolysis recent update

Biomass fast

pyrolysis

process using microwaveSlide18

Biomass to energy technology

Biomass fast pyrolysis process using microwave

Pyrolysis

is a well-recognized

thermochemical

platform for production of bio-oil, combustible gases and char from organics in biomassCurrently, fluidized bed and fixed bed (downdraft or updraft) are the dominant reactor types for biomass pyrolysis, in which the heating is provided by heated surfacesMicrowave irradiation is an alternative heating methodSlide19

Biomass to energy technology

Biomass fast pyrolysis process using microwave

Advantages of microwave heating in

pyrolysis

:

uniform internal heating - no need for agitation of fluidization and hence fewer particles (ashes) in the bio-oileasy-to-implement technologystudies suggest that this is a highly scalable technology suitable for distributed conversion of bulky biomassesSlide20

Biomass to energy technology

Biomass fast pyrolysis process using microwaveSlide21

Biomass to energy technology

Biomass fast pyrolysis process using microwave

Recently, a novel concept of

pyrolysis

utilizing microwave absorbents is being developed, in which the use of these absorbents could significantly improve the heating rate – the temperature of reactor will become steady

Some studies suggest this new heating mechanism can achieve higher product yieldSlide22

Biomass to energy technology

Biomass fast pyrolysis process using microwaveSlide23

Biomass to energy technology

Biomass fast pyrolysis process using microwaveSlide24

Biomass to energy technology

Biomass fast pyrolysis process using microwaveSlide25

Biomass to energy technology

Biomass conversion into energy

Boyle,

Renewable Energy,

Oxford University Press (2004)Slide26

Biomass to energy technology

Biodiesel production recent update

Lipid extraction method:

Solvent extraction method

Soxhelt

extraction methodBligh and Dyer's methodIonic LiquidsSupercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extractionSlide27

Biomass to energy technology

Biodiesel production recent update

Biodiesel sources:

Food industry involving fishSlide28

Biomass to energy technology

Biodiesel production recent update

Biodiesel sources:

Sludge from municipal wasteSlide29

Biomass to energy technology

Biodiesel production recent update

Biodiesel sources:

Microalgae

Challenges:

Finding new non-edible plant which contains much oil – will not give food competition issueSlide30

Biomass to energy technology

Biodiesel production recent update

Biodiesel production basic technology

http://www.cogeneration.net/chart_biodiesel.gifSlide31

Biomass to energy technology

Biodiesel production recent update

Different between

esterification

and trans-

esterificationEserificationTrans-

EserificationSlide32

Biomass to energy technology

Biodiesel production recent update

P

roduction routes for biodiesel

Transesterification

of vegetable oil using homogeneous catalysts:Acid

catalyzed esterification process - sulphuric, hydrochloric, sulfonic and phosphoric acids

.

Alkali-catalyzed

transesterification

process

-

alkaline metal hydroxides and

alkoxides

,

sodium or

potassium

carbonates

Two-step transesterification

process -

feedstocks

containing

high

free

fatty

acids (FFAs

)

-

the first step is an acid catalyzed

process

followed by a second step,

alkalicatalyzed

transesterificationSlide33

Biomass to energy technology

Biodiesel production recent update

P

roduction routes for biodiesel

Supercritical fluid

method :Enzyme-catalyzed transesterification processUltrasound assisted transesterificationSlide34

Biomass to energy technology

Biodiesel production recent update

P

roduction routes for biodiesel

Membrane technology of

biodiesel productionReactive distillation technology of

biodiesel productionSlide35

Biomass to energy technology

Biomass fermentation

Process scheme

http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/centralgrasslandsrec/biofuels-research-1/janets_ethanol.jpgSlide36

Recent update

2nd generation biofuel

Why??

First-generation biofuels are extracted from agricultural products: beetroot, rape seed, etc. They compete with foodstuffs

.

Concerns and constraints:Compete with food cropsExpensive total production costAccelerating deforestationThe biomass feedstock may not be produced sustainably

Potentially has a negative impact on biodiversityR. Sims, M. Taylor, J. Saddler, W. Mabee

. 2008. From 1

st

to 2

nd

generation biofuel technologies, IEASlide37

Recent update

2nd generation biofuel

Second-generation biofuels

are produced using the

inedible

part of plants (straw, wood, plant waste). Unlike first-generation biofuels, they do not compete with the use of raw materials as food. They can be used directly by traditional vehicles and considerably reduce CO2 emissions.Second-generation

biofuels produced from ‘plant biomass’ refers largely to lignocellulosic materials, as this makes up the majority of the cheap and abundant nonfood materials available from plants

The examples of 2nd generation

biofuels

are cellulosic ethanol and Fischer–

Tropsch

fuels

http://www.airliquide.com/en/second-generation-biofuels-1.htmlSlide38

Recent update

2nd generation biofuel

Air

Liquide

is developing

Bioliq®, a process that produces second-generation biofuels using straw in three successive stages:The first step in the process consists of high-temperature pyrolysis of the straw to convert it into synthetic crude: bioliqSynCrude®.The

second step consists of gasification, i.e. the transformation of the synthetic crude into synthesis gas, a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide.Through several chemical reactions, the Bioliq® process then converts the synthesis gas into methanol or directly into biofuels.

The

Bioliq

® process can produce 1 liter of diesel from 7 kg of straw.

http://www.airliquide.com/en/second-generation-biofuels-1.htmlSlide39

Recent update

2nd generation biofuel

Second-generation biofuels present an energy and environmental advantage: they have a much better carbon footprint than other fuels: up to 90% reduction in CO

2

emissions compared to mineral fuels and about 50% compared to first-generation

biofuels. could significantly reduce CO2 production, do not compete with food crops and some types can offer better engine performance

http://www.airliquide.com/en/second-generation-biofuels-1.htmlSlide40

Recent update

2nd generation biofuel comparisonSlide41

Recent update

2nd generation biofuel comparisonSlide42

Thank You !