World History 1 - PowerPoint Presentation

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World History 1The Muslim Empire Islam (4.2.1) Identify and explain the origins and expansion of Islam and the creation of the Islamic Empire including the geographic extent of Muslim empires, the Sunn-Shi’ite schism, the scientific and technological achievements of Muslim society, and the role of the Caliphate as both a religious and political institution.

Intro QuestionsNotesRead Chapter 6 Section 1 on pages 191-194GRA 6-1 Slide2

Intro Questions True or False 1______ Before Islam, most Arabs were polytheistic 2._____ Muhammad believed that Jesus and Moses revealed truths about Allah 3._____ Sheikhs were selected by tribesmen4._____ According to Islam, Allah spoke to Muhammad through the angel Gabriel 5._____ Muhammad was a purely religious leader Slide3

Intro Questions True or False 1. True Before Islam, most Arabs were polytheistic 2. True Muhammad believed that Jesus and Moses revealed truths about Allah 3. False Sheikhs were selected by tribesmen

by a council of elders 4. True According to Islam, Allah spoke to Muhammad through the angle Gabriel 5. False Muhammad was a

purely religious and political leader Slide4

The Rise of IslamI. The ArabsA. Like the Hebrews and Assyrians the Arabs were a Semitic-speaking people that lived on the Arabian Peninsula, a desert land lacking in lakes rivers and nomads The Arabs were nomads who moved constantly to find

food and water for themselves and their animals Slide5

B. Survival in this area of the world was difficult and the Arabs organized into tribes to help one another . Each tribe was ruled by a SHEIKH who was selected from one of the leading families or a council of elders

Slide6

C. Early on the Arabs were polytheistic, believing in many gods. The Arabs trace their ancestors to Abraham who is believed to have built a house of worship in Mecca (Makkah

) called the Kaaba Slide7

C. The domestication of the camel in 1000 BC led to the expansion of the Arabs throughout the region. The Arabs developed trade by using caravans and developed towns along

the Silk Road Slide8

II. The Life of MuhammadMuhammad was born in a merchant family in Makkah. He was orphaned early . He became a caravan manager and married his employer a rich widow ,

Khadija ,Although he was wealthy , successful , he became trouble by the growing gap in his society between Rich and Poor. Slide9

C. He went to mediate in the mountains. While there he believed the angel Gabriel revealed messages from God D. He came to believe that Allah ( God) had revealed himself to Moses and Jesus, but the

final revelations where made to himSlide10

E. The Quran contains the revelations to Muhammad . The Quran contains the ethnical guidelines of Islam ( the faith ) to Muslims ( followers), 1. Islam means “ submission to the will of God” 2. Muslims means “ those that submit “ Slide11

The city of Madinah ( Medina ) F. Muhammad set out to convince people that his revelations were true, but he had only 30 followers after 3 years . G. Fearing death, Muhammad and his followers went to the city of Madinah . This journey is called the

Hijrah in 622 ( year 1 of the Muslim calendar) Slide12

The Tomb of Mohammad H. In 630, Muhammad returned to Makkah with ten thousand soldiers. The City surrendered and most converted to IslamI. Muhammad destroyed idols and declared the

Kaaba , a sacred shrine of IslamJ. Muhammad died in 632Slide13

III. The Teachings of MuhammadLike Christianity and Judaism, Islam is monotheistic (believing in 1 god)Allah is the all powerful being that created the universe and everything in it

Islam emphasizes salvation and offers the hope of an afterlife

On the Saudi Arabian Flag it is says “ there is no God, but God and Muhammad is his prophet “Slide14

D. Muslims are instructed to follow the Five Pillars of IslamBelief – That there is one God and Muhammad is his messengerPrayer

– Five times a dayCharity – Giving to the poorFasting – No food or drink during Ramadan

Pilgrimage – Make at least 1 trip to MeccaSlide15

E. Muslims developed a code known as SHARI’AH1. A set of laws to regulate daily lifea. Familyb. Business

c. Government d. Moral Conduct2.Muslims may also not a. gamble

b. eat pork

c. drink alcohol

d. Be dishonest

3.Shari’ah does not separate

religious

law from

political

lawSlide16

World History 1The Muslim Empire Islam (4.2.1) Identify and explain the origins and expansion of Islam and the creation of the Islamic Empire including the geographic extent of Muslim empires, the Sunn-Shi’ite schism, the scientific and technological achievements of Muslim society, and the role of the Caliphate as both a religious and political institution.

Intro QuestionsNotesCheck GRA 6-1 Quiz on Chapter 6-1 on pages 191-194

Read Chapter 6 Section 2GRA 6-2Slide17

Intro Questions True or False ______ Muslims believe in many gods, the most powerful is Allah ______ Muslims believe that salvation ( going to Heaven ) is possible ______ One of the five Pillars of Islam is not eating Pork _____ SHARI’AH is the leader of a Muslim Community _____ Muslims believe that Jesus was a prophet Slide18

Intro Questions True or False False Muslims believe in many gods, the most powerful is Allah only one God , Allah True Muslims believe that salvation ( going to Heaven ) is possible

False One of the five Pillars of Islam is not eating Pork False SHARI’AH is the leader of a Muslim Community is Islamic law

True Muslims believe that Jesus was a prophet, but not the Savior or the Christ Slide19

I. Creation of an Arab Empire A. Muhammad’s death left his followers with a problem of succession. He had no sons and his daughters could not led in male dominated society . Some of Muhammad's closest followers chose Abu Bakr

, Muhammad’s father in law. He was named Caliph (successor too Muhammad) Slide20

B. Islam grew under Abu Bakr . To spread the movement Abu Bakr took part in Jihad ( struggle in the way of God) 1. by 650 Syria and the Persian empire were part of the Arab empireSlide21

C. The Arabs were fierce fighters led by brilliant Generals . Military courage was enhanced by the Belief that a warrior killed in battle was assured a place in paradise Slide22

D. The first two caliphs to rule after Abu Bakr’s death were assassinated. In 656 Muhammad’s son in law , Ali, became caliph. He was assassinated after 5 years Slide23

E. Arab Administrators were tolerant in their conquered territories . No one was forced to convert to Islam, but non Muslims had to pay a special tax and had to vow not to rebel against Muslim rule Slide24

The Rock of the dome built by the Umayyad Caliphate II. The Umayyads A. In 661, the General Mu’awiyah became Caliph. 1. He used forced only when necessary 2. He made the title of Caliph

heredity 3. He moved the capital to Damascus, Syria Slide25

B. In the 8th Century , Arabs conquered and converted the Berbers of Northern Africa.A combine Army of Arabs and Berbers attacked ( in 710) and conquered (

in 725) Spain In 732, the Muslims lost the Battle of Tours and failed to Conquer France

In 717, Muslims attacked Constantinople but their navy was defeatedSlide26

C. Internal struggles threatened the Stability of the Empire. Revolts broke out, the most important was led by Hussein , second son of Ali. In 680, he battled Umayyad rule1. He had 72 warriors against 10,000

Umayyad soldiers . He lost Slide27

D. This struggle caused a permanent split in IslamShiite - followers of the descendants of AliSunni – followers of the Umayyad dynasty. Most Muslims are Sunni, but Shiites are in large numbers in Iran and IraqSlide28

III. The Abbasid DynastyA. Because of Favoritism toward Arabs and Umayyad corruption , resentment against Umayyad rule grew. In 750, Abu al-Abbas overthrew the Umayyad dynasty and founded the

Abbasid dynasty which lasted until 1258 Slide29

B. In 762, the Abbasids built a new capital at Baghdad on the Tigris River. This location took advantage of the river and caravan trade routes. The move gave the empire a new cultural outlook; Judges, merchants and government officials were the heroes, ( not warriors)All Muslims ( not just Arabs ) could hold military and political office Slide30

C. the reign of Harun al-Rashid was considered their golden Age. He was known for his charity and patronage of the arts. His son al-Ma’mun supported astronomical investigations and created a foundation for translating Greek works into Arabic 1.

Baghdad became a center of a huge trading empire. Slide31

D. The Decline of the Abbasid dynasty began when Harun al-Rushid’s two sons destroyed much of Baghdad in fight of succession.Wealth led to corruptionPersians and Turks began to moved away from the Empire.

Spain established it own Caliphate Egypt established a caliphate and set it capital in Cairo Slide32

Answers GRA 6-1 What language did the Arabs speak and where did they ? Arabs were semitic speaking people in the Arabian peninsula How were Arabian tribes rule and how were the rulers selected ?Each tribe was ruled by a shiekd

who was chosen formone of the leading families by a council of elders What accomplishment made it possible for the Arabs to begin to take part ion the caravan trade ? The Camel

What object became the principal object of worship among the Arabs? All tribes worshipped a black meteorite placed in the Kaaba

in the city of

Makkah

As Muhammad grew to manhood , what did he find troubling within his culture ?

He

becaem

troubled by the Gap between the simple Bedouins and the greediness of the trading elites

What do Muslims believe was given to Muhammad while he mediated alone in the hills ?

Muslims believe

Muahmmad

received revelations from God through the angel Gabriel Slide33

Answers to GRA 6-1 cont. 7. What written document resulted from Muhammad's revelations from Allah ? The Quran 8. Define Hijrah . The Hijrah was the journey of Muhammad and his followers to the city of Madinah 9. What are three similarities between Islam, Christianity and Judaism ? A. Monotheism ( one god), B. Salvation C. the necessity of submitting to the will of God

10. What is the difference between Islam and Christianity? Muslims do not believe that Jesus was the savior 11. Name the five Pillars of Islam. 1. Belief 2. Prayer 3. giving to the poor (alms ) 4. Fasting 5. hajj ( trip to Makkah ) Slide34

World History 1The Muslim Empire Islam (4.2.1) Identify and explain the origins and expansion of Islam and the creation of the Islamic Empire including the geographic extent of Muslim empires, the Sunn-Shi’ite schism, the scientific and technological achievements of Muslim society, and the role of the Caliphate as both a religious and political institution.

Intro QuestionsNotesCheck GRA 6-2 Quiz Chapter 6 Section 2on pages 191-194

Read Chapter 6 Section 3 on pages GRA 6- 3 Slide35

Intro Questions True or False ___ from the 8th Century on, the three most important Muslim cities were Makkah, Medinah , and Tehran ___ a Bazaar was a covered marketplace that a vital part of every Muslim city ___ Most people of the Arab Empire were merchants and they largely lived in cities

___ Slavery was forbidden by the Quran ____ the Quran granted women spiritual equality with men Slide36

Intro Questions True or False False from the 8th Century on, the three most important Muslim cities were Makkah, Medinah , and Tehran Cairo , Baghdad and Damascus

True a Bazaar was a covered marketplace that a vital part of every Muslim city False Most people of the Arab Empire were merchants and they largely lived in cities

Farmers and Herders False Slavery was forbidden by the Quran

Slavery was widespread in the Empire, but Muslims could not enslave other Muslims

True

the Quran granted women spiritual equality with men ,

but women could not won or inherit property Slide37

I. Prosperity in the Islamic World A. The period of the Arab empire generally was prosperous Much of it was based on the extensive trade by ship and camel. Camel Caravans went from Morocco to countries beyond the Caspian Sea Slide38

B. Trade began to prosper around 750 under the Abbasid Dynasty . 1.Gold and Slaves came from south of the Sahara,2. gold and ivory from East Africa , 3.India contributed sandalwood, spices, and textiles. 4.China contributed silk and porcelain . 5. Egypt provided grain 6. Iraq produced linens, dates and jewels,. Banking and coinage developed which made exchanges easier Slide39

C. Large magnificent cities came to prominence , Baghdad under the Abbasids and Cairo under the Fatimids. These and Damascus were administrative , Cultural and economic centers of the region, Islamic cities generally surpassed the cities of the ;largely rural Europe of the time . The Islamic city of Cordoba in Spain was Europe’s greatest city after Constantinople Slide40

D. Islamic cities had their own physical appearance . The palaces and mosques were the most impressive buildings . They had public buildings with fountains, public baths, and marketplaces ( bazaars ). The Bazaar ( covered market) was a vital part of every Muslim city or town. Inspectors guaranteed the quality of goods. Bazaar also had craftspeople and offered services such as laundries Slide41

E. Although the Arab Empire was urban for its time, most people farmed or herded. Early in the empire, free peasants owned most of the farmland. The wealthy landowners amassed large estates in certain areas of the empire. The free peasant farmers along the Nile farmed the way their ancestors had Slide42

II. Islamic Society Muslims live their lives in accordance with Allah’s teachings as revealed in the Quran, which was completed in 635Islam claims that all people are equal in the eyes of Allah. Such was not always the case in the Arab Empire, however. For example, it had a well defined upper class of ruling families , wealthy merchants ad other elites Slide43

C. One group clearly not considered equal was slaves. Slavery was widespread in the Arab empire. Because Muslims could not be slaves, most of the slaves came from Africa or Asia. Many were captives of war. Slaves often served as soldiers. Many of these were eventually freed and some exercised power. Women slaves were often domestic servants. Islamic law said to treat slaves fairly, and setting slaves free was considered a good act Slide44

D. The Quran granted women spiritual and social equality with men and women could not own and inherit property. Nevertheless. Men dominated in the Arab Empire, Every women had a male guardian. Women were secluded at home and kept from social contacts with men outside their families Slide45

E. Parents or Guardians arranged marriages fore their children. Muslim men could have up to four wives. But most had fewer because of having to pay a dowry to the brides. Only the wealthy could afford multiple dowries . Although women had a right to divorce, in practice the right was extended only to men . Women covered much of their bodies when appearing in public , a custom that continues in many Islamic societies today. This custom however, owes more to traditional Arab practice than to the Quran Slide46

F. Despite these restrictions , the position of women in Islamic society was an improvement over earlier times when women had often been treated like slaves Slide47

Answers to GRA 6-2 False 1. Muhammad left clear instructions as to who would succeed him at death Muhammad had never named a successor and had no living sons True 2. Raiding one’s enemies was known in the Quran as the “struggle in the way of God “ or jihad False

3. the courage of the Arab soldiers was enhanced by the fact that they had superior weapons to most of their enemies Their courage was enhanced by the belief in salvation False

4. The General Mu’awiyah was known for one outstanding trait he used more force than necessary whether it was needed or not He was known for only using force when absolutely necessary

True

5. Mu’awiyah moved the capital of the Arab empire from Madinah to Damascus

False

6. Arab Expansion in Europe came to a halt because of Geographical barriers that stood in the way of advancing Arab armies

Arab Expansion was halted at the Battle of Tours

True

7. The Shiite Muslims accept only the Descendants of Ali as the True leader of Islam, while the Sunni Muslims claim the descendants of the Umayyads were the true caliphs

True

8. in 1187 Saladin’s Army invaded the kingdom of Jerusalem and destroyed Christian forces there

True

9. As a result of the Mongol Destruction of Baghdad , the new center of Islamic civilization became Cairo, Egypt

Slide48

World History 1The Muslim Empire Islam (4.2.1) Identify and explain the origins and expansion of Islam and the creation of the Islamic Empire including the geographic extent of Muslim empires, the Sunn-Shi’ite schism, the scientific and technological achievements of Muslim society, and the role of the Caliphate as both a religious and political institution.

Intro QuestionsNotesCheck GRA 6-3 Quiz Chapter 6 Section 3 on pages 191-194

Read Chapter 6 Section 4 on pages GRA 6- 4 Slide49

Intro Questions True or False 1_____ Arabs did not value the work of ancient Greeks, because they were not Muslims 2. ___ Arabic Numbers (example 1, 2, 3 ) were invented by the Arabs3.____ Medical encyclopedias created by the Arabs were used in European Medical schools 4.____ Arabs consider the Rubaiyat to be it greatest Arab literary work5.____ There are many images and paintings of Muhammad Slide50

Intro Questions True or False 1. False Arabs did not value the work of ancient Greeks, because they were not Muslims. Translated much of the ancient Greek writings into Arabic 2. False

Arabic Numbers (example 1, 2, 3 ) were invented by the Arabs Indians 3. True Medical encyclopedias created by the Arabs were used in European Medical schools

4. False Arabs consider the Rubaiyat

the Quran

to be it greatest Arab literary work

5.

False

There are

many

no

images and paintings of Muhammad Slide51

I. Preservation of Knowledge and Philosophy , Science and History A. During the first few centuries of the Arab Empire, Arab scholars read and translated into Arabic works by Plato and Aristotle . The translations were put into a library in Baghdad called the House of Wisdom. Mathematics text were brought from India Slide52

B. Papermaking was introduced from China, which aided this Arabs in translating and storing Greek and Roman writings. Paper factories were established in Baghdad. Booksellers and libraries followed Slide53

C. Europeans recovered the works of Aristotle and the Greek philosophers thought the Muslim world. When Aristotle ‘s work made it to Europe, they were accompanied by brilliant commentaries by Arab scholars. One of the most important scholars was Ibn-Rushd . Who wrote commentaries on almost all of

Aristotle Works Slide54

D. Islamic scholars also made contributions to mathematics and the natural sciences. They gave shape to algebra and passed on India’s numerical systems known as “Arabic ‘ in Europe. Baghdad had an observatory where scientists studied and named many stars. Muslims also perfected the

Astrolabe , used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of stars and planets . This instrument enabled Europeans to sail to the Americas Slide55

E. Muslims also developed medicine as a field of study . The famous philosopher and scientist Ibn Sina wrote a medical encyclopedia and showed how unsanitary conditions could spread contagious diseases. His medical works, translated into Latin,

were standard in medieval European universities Slide56

F. Arabic Scholars helped European intellectual life develop in the 12th and 13th centuries, laying the basis for the Renaissance Slide57

G. In his Muqaddimah ( Introduction to History ) , the Muslim historian Ibn-Khaldun argued that history was cyclical , going through regular cycles of birth, growth, and decay. He tried to understand the political and social factors that determine the changes in history Slide58

II. Arab Literature A. Muslims believed the Quran was their greatest work of literature , but pre-Islamic forms continued to be used . One of the most familiar works of Middle eastern literature is the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, who was a poet, astronomer and mathematician. He composed his poems orally. In his work he wondered about the meaning of life when life was so transitory Slide59

B. Another important work of Arabic Literature is the Arabian Nights also called the 1001 Nights.. It is a collection of folktales, fables and romances that combine the natural and supernatural . The stories were first told orally, and then written down over many years, the story of Aladdin was added in the 18th Century Slide60

III Art and Architecture A. Islamic art blends the Arabic ,Turkish and Persian traditions . It highest expression is found in the mosques which represent Islam's spiritSlide61

B. The Great Mosque of Samarra was the world’s largest mosque at the time it was built. In present day Iraq, it covers 10 acres. It minaret is famous, the Minaret is the tower from which the crier or Muezzin , calls the faithful to prayer five times a day. The Minaret of Samarra is nearly 90

feet high with an impressive unusual spiral staircase Slide62

C. Palaces also reflected the glory of Islam. They were designed around the central courtyard surrounded by high arches and massive gate towers . They also served as fortresses. A gallery over the entrance had holes for pouring boiling oil on attackers,. The feature became part of European castles The Alhambra in Granada Spain is the fines Islamic palace . Every inch of its surface is decorated in floral And abstract patterns,

some done in such detail they look the lace Slide63

D. Most decorations on Islamic Art are of repeated Arabic , letters, plants and abstract figures. These geometric patterns are called Arabesques. They cover an object’s surface completelySlide64

E. No representation of Muhammad is in any Islamic Art. The hadith an early collection of the prophet’s sayings , warns against imitating god, by creating pictures of living things, From early on, therefore no representation of a living appears on Islamic religious art Slide65

Answers to 6-3 For the most part, the period of the Arab empires was (1) Prosperous . Trade was carried both by ship and by (2) Camel caravans, which traveled from Morocco in the far west to the countries beyond the Caspian sea. The development of (3) Banking and the use of (4) coins made it easier to exchange goods.

(5) Baghdad , (6) Cairo and (7) Damscus were centers of Administrative cultural and economic activity for their regions. Usually the most impressive urban buildings were the

(8) palaces for the caliphs and the great (9) mosques for worship. Rules for the sale of meat in the market stated, “Grilled meats

shoud

only be made with

(10) Fresh

meat and not with meat coming from a sick animal and bought for its cheapnessSlide66

Answers to 6-3 cont. To be a Muslims is not simple to worship Allah but also to live one’s life according to Allah's teachings as revealed in the (11) Quran . According to Islam, all people are equal in the eyes of Allah except one ; (12) Slaves were not considered equal. Slavery was (13) widespread in the Islamic world. The Quran granted women (14) spiritual

and (15) Social equality with men. Both had (16) duties and (17) responsibilities. Most men had one wife because the men were required to pay (18) a dowry

to their bride. Women had the right to freely enter into marriage, but they also had the right of (19) divorce Slide67

World History 1The Muslim Empire Islam (4.2.1) Identify and explain the origins and expansion of Islam and the creation of the Islamic Empire including the geographic extent of Muslim empires, the Sunn-Shi’ite schism, the scientific and technological achievements of Muslim society, and the role of the Caliphate as both a religious and political institution.

Time Line Check GRA 6-4 Quiz Chapter 6 Section 4 on pages Begin Review for Test Slide68

A.D. 570 Birth of Muhammad Slide69

A.D. 610 Muhammad’s first revelation Slide70

A.D. 622 Hirah to YathribSlide71

A.D. Muhammad returns to Makkah Slide72

A.D. 632 Muhammad dies Slide73

A.D. 650 Arabs conquer the Persian empire Slide74

A.D. 661 Umayyads establish Islamic Empire Slide75

A.D. 680 Hussein revolts against Umayyad Rule Slide76

A.D. 732 Battle of Tours Slide77

A.D. 750 Defeat of the Umayyad s, beginning of the Abbasid Dynasty Slide78

A.D.762 Abbasids move their capital to BaghdadSlide79

A.D. 848-852 Great Mosque of Samarra is built Slide80

Answers to time line 1. in A.D 762, Baghdad became the news capital for the Abbasid Dynasty2. Muhammad returned to Makkah in A.D. 630 3. the Battle of Tours took place in A.D. 732 4. What event took place exactly s century before the Battle of Tours ? The Death of Muhammad

5. the Hijrah took place in A.D. 622 6. the Umayyad dynasty ended in A.D. 750 7. Muhammad had his first reveletion in

A.D. 6108. the Great Mosque of Samarra was built in A.d

. 848- 852

9. the Persian Empire was conquered in

A.d

. 650

10. Hussein revolted against Umayyad rule in

A.D. 680Slide81

Answers to 6-4 1.Arabs were not only aware of Greek Philosophy , they were translating works by Plato and Aristotle into Arabic 2. The Muslims adopted and passed on the Numerical system of India, including the use of the zero.3. They also perfected the Astrolabe , an instrument the that made it possible foe Europeans to sail to the Americas

4. Ibn-Khaldun , who lived in the fourteenth century, was the most prominent Muslim Historian of the age5. One of the most familiar works of the middle Eastern Literature is the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam Slide82

Answers to 6-4 cont. 6. The Great Mosque of Samarra in present-day Iraq was the world’s largest mosque at the time it was built covering 10 acres 7. Because the Muslim religion combines spiritual and political power in one, palaces also reflected the glory of Islam

8. One feature of these places that looked like castles was a gallery over the entrance gate with holes through which Boiling oil could be poured down on the heads of attacking forces 9. The finest example of the Islamic palace is the fourteenth century Alhambra

in Spain 10. No representation of the Prophet Muhammad ever adorns a mosque in painting or in any other art formSlide83
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