Chapter 16 Religion and Science 14501750 The Scientific Revolution The Scientific Revolution Intellectual and cultural transformation Began in Europe Mid1500s to early 1700s Knowledge acquired through careful observations controlled experiments the formulation of general laws and mat ID: 493487
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AP World History NotesChapter 16Religion and Science (1450-1750)
The Scientific RevolutionSlide2Slide3
The Scientific Revolution
Intellectual and cultural transformation
Began in Europe
Mid-1500s to early 1700s
Knowledge acquired through: careful observations, controlled experiments, the formulation of general laws, and mathematical expressions
No more reliance on: the authority of the Bible, the Church, the speculations of ancient philosophers, or the received wisdom of cultural traditionSlide4
The Question of Origins: Why Europe?
12th
and 13
th
centuries = Europeans developed a legal system that gave a measure of independence to a variety of institutions
Ex: the Church; towns and cities; workers’ guilds; professional organizations; universities
Independence for universities = scholars had the freedom to pursue their studies without interference from the Church or political authorities
Most of the major figures in the Scientific Revolution = trained in or affiliated with these universities
Cambridge University in EnglandSlide5
Why Not the Islamic World?
Focus in colleges/universities = Quranic studies and religious law
Science was studied outside the formal system of higher education
Religious scholars = viewed science and philosophy with suspicion
To them = Quran holds all the wisdom
Science might challenge the Quran
Science and philosophy lead to uncertainty and confusionSlide6
Why Not China?
Chinese education = focused on preparing males for the civil service examinationsFocused on classical Confucian texts
Chinese authorities = did not allow independent institutions of learning where scholars could pursue their studies freelySlide7
Nicolaus Copernicus ( Doc #1)
Polish astronomer
Started his career at University of Krakow in Poland in 1492
At the forefront of the Scientific Revolution
Started at a time when few people dared to question old beliefs and superstitionsSlide8
Nicolaus Copernicus
Believed
the Earth
was round & that it rotated around the sun
Said the sun, not the Earth, was the center of the
universe
Challenged the idea that the Earth was unique and at the center of God’s attentionSlide9
Document #2 John Calvin Protestant Theologian
Calvin compromises the values of religion of science and religion by identifying religious text and the fact that Moses viewed man’s ability to have “common sense” and the “ability to understand” and argues that this “study should not be prohibited” and argues that astronomy is useful and “unfolds the admirable wisdom of God” his purpose is to support the study of astronomy in the face of religious obstructionism. An additional document from a Protestant astronomer would illustrate the perceived cooperation between church and science.Slide10
Johannes Kepler
German astronomer & mathematicianProtestant
Used math formulas to show that the planets revolved around the sun
Planets moved in
ellipses
= ovals
Planets don’t always travel at the same speed - move faster as they approach the sunSlide11
Johannes KeplerSlide12
Document #3 Giovanni Ciampoli Italian Monk, letter to Galileo 1615
Starts of somewhat cordial in terms of Galileo’s “opinion” of “light and shade on the clear spotted surfaces of the moon” then criticizes him for “deferring to the authority of those who have jurisdiction over the human intellect in matters of the interpretation of scripture. This serves as a warning to Galileo that he is clearly defying Church doctrine (Dogma) which carries a harsh punishment (Galileo will summarily be put under house arrest)Slide13
Galileo Galilei
Italian mathematician
Improved the
telescope to make it more
powerful
Observed: sunspots, mountains on the moon, Jupiter’s moons
Created the pendulum clock
1636
= published ideas on physics, astronomy, etc.
Book banned by the Catholic ChurchSlide14
Galileo Galilei
Faced heated opposition
by the Catholic Church
Placed under house arrest for 50 years
Where he made most of his discoveries & achievementsSlide15
Trial of GalileoSlide16
Document #4 Francis Bacon (plan to reorganize the sciences)1620
His purpose is to help identify why lack of progress has been made in the sciences (perhaps intimating that certain forces have gotten in the way). He goes on the argue about the potential and power in new discoveries. His audience would be religious obstructionists as he is strongly urging a change in scientific perception.Slide17
Document #5 Marin Mersenne, French monk and natural philosopher letter to his noble patron
A patron (during the Renaissance is someone who financially supported the works of scientists, artists and other creative works)This letter confirms Galileo’s works and his purpose is to reaffirm the validity (truth) of his experiments but his tone states that he is willing to remove whatever his patron(audience) says so as not to offend him.Slide18
Document #6 Henry Oldenbury, Secretary of the English Royal Society letter to German scientist Johannes
Hevelius 1663
T
his letter from a state supported scientific community illustrates the new social shift in cooperation for the purpose of the “elucidation of the truth” and gain broader scientific insight whereas this might have gotten individuals in trouble for conspiring to question tradition and authority.Slide19
Document #11 Gottfried Leibniz, German Philosopher, New System of nature. 1695
The purpose is the align the beliefs of Christianity with those of science looking at God who is like a father and provides natural laws which man must utilize scientific principles to allow the human mind to understand for the “happiness of good and the punishment of evil”Slide20
Sir Isaac Newton( Additional doc)
British scientistBelow average student at Cambridge University
Explored the most complicated mathematics of his day
Studied Copernicus & GalileoSlide21
Sir Isaac Newton
1665 = plague closed his university & he was forced to go home to his family
Sitting in his garden one day, he saw an apple fall
-- helped
him develop his theory of gravity
1687 = published theories about gravity
Prevents objects from flying off the Earth; also holds the solar system togetherSlide22
Sir Isaac Newton
Formulated modern laws of motion and mechanicsDeveloped
calculus
= system of math that calculates changing forces or quantities
Proved that math can be used to explain the universeSlide23
Rene Descartes
French philosopher & mathematicianTruth gained through
mathematics and logical deduction (reason)
Invented analytic geometry
Famous quote = “I think, therefore I am.”Slide24
William Harvey
English physician
Concluded
that blood circulates throughout the body, pumped by the heart and returning through the veins
Before = people thought the liver digested food & processed it into bloodSlide25
Robert Hooke
English scientistDiscovered the cell
Used new microscope -- recognized cells in vegetable tissuesSlide26
Robert Boyle
Irish chemistEstablished chemistry as a pure science
Proved air wasn’t a basic element
Defined what an element is = something that can’t be broken down into simpler parts
Challenged
alchemy
= trying to turn lead into goldSlide27
Joseph Priestley
English chemist & clergymanDid experiments about the properties of air and discovered the existence of oxygen
His studies on carbon dioxide led to his invention of carbonated drinks (like soda)