S.M. Olson, P.J. Dittmar, N.A. Peres and S.E. Webb - PDF document

Page 173 S.M. Olson, P.J. Dittmar, N.A. Peres and S.E. Webb BOTANY- Alliaceae (Amaryillidaceae) Allium cepaAllium ampeloprasumAllium schoenoprasum - Allium fistulosumIt is believed that all of the edible onions and their relatives are native to Asia.Garlic, shallot, and various exotic onions also are members of the Alliaceae family. Many important ornamentals also are included in this family.VARIETIESOnion and leek varieties grown in Florida are listed Amelia (H)Caramelo (H)Don Victor (H)Sweet Agent (H)Sweet Caroline (H)WI-3115 (H)Perfecto BlancoTokyo Long WhiteWhite PortugalTiviVerinaPlanting dates and seeding information are given in Table 1. Table 1.Transplanted 2012-2013 Vegetable Production Handbook FERTILIZER AND LIMEFor unmulched onions with subsurface or sprinkler irrigation, broadcast all P micronutrients, and 20 to 25% of O before planting. Apply remaining N and Ksplit applications through the season up to bulb initiation. Overfertilization with N during bulbing can lead to double For mulched onions, incorporate all fertilizer in bed prior to mulching. For mulched onions with subsurface irrigation, incorporate only 20 to 25% of the N and KPlace remaining N and Kinches deep between rows on bed (see Table 2).IRRIGATIONfrom crop coefficients given in Tables 4 to 6 in Chapter Vegetableswill be about 95% of ETo. Water use will continue at use will drop to about 75% of ETo for onions that are allowed to dry before harvest. See Table 3 in Chapter 3, Vegetables for estimates of ETo in inches per day and For optimum production, irrigations should be scheduled to maintain adequate soil moisture throughout the growing season for plants that are harvested green. For onions that are to be harvested dry, irrigation can be discontinued after full growth has been obtained and the plants begin to dry. For drip and sprinkler irrigation, small, frequent applications should be scheduled to avoid water and nutrient losses below the plant root zone. For seepage irrigation, the field water table should be maintained sufficiently high that soil moisture is adequate but not excessively wet in the plant root zone throughout the growing PLANT TISSUE ANALYSISPlant tissue analysis information for onion and allies is given in Table 3. The analysis was done prior to bulbing, using the most recently matured leaf.Herbicides labeled for weed control in onions and allies are listed in Table 4.The chemicals approved for disease management in onion and leek are listed in Table 5.Table 6 outlines the insecticides approved for use on insects attacking onion and allies. Table 2. Target pH Seeds and transplants may benefit from applications of a starter solution at a rate no greater than 10 to 15 lbs/acre for N and P 2O5, and applied through the plant hole or near the seeds. Table 3. Plant tissue analysis just prior to bulbing for onion and allies. Dry wt. basis.T�oxic () Table 4. Trade nameWeeds Controlled / RemarksDry bulb vegetables: Onion (dry bulb)ing greater than 10% organic matter. Apply at least 3 to 4 days prior to emergence. Weeds should not exceed the 4 leaf stage, 2 in. in height or 1 in. in diameter.Carfentrazoneconcentrate or nonionic surfactant at recommended rates.DCPAOnion (dry bulb, green), Onion (dry bulb), Oxyfluorfen(GoalTender) 4 ECOnion (dry bulb), Garlic (dry bulbCertain broadleaf weeds. Transplanted only. Apply within 2 days of Onion (dry bulb)Controls emerged weeds. Apply prior, during, or after planting, but surfactant.residual activity.Onion (dry bulb), Shallot (dry bulb) Vegetable Production HandbookTable 4. Trade nameWeeds Controlled / RemarksOnion (dry bulb)onion leaves should be dry before application. Waxy coating on leaves reduces changes for injury. Varieties vary in sensitivity and height. Weeds are most susceptible up to the 4 leaf stage or 2 CarfentrazoneOnion (dry bulb), Garlic, centrate or nonionic surfactant at recommended rates. PHI 0 days.(Arrow, Intensity, Select) Onion (dry bulb), Garlic, Shallot (dry bulb)ionic surfactant in Select Max. PHI 45 days.(Arrow, Intensity One) 2 ECa minimum of a 14 day interval. Do not apply more than 0.5 lb. ai/A DCPAOnion (dry bulb, green), Onion (dry bulb, green), (dry bulb, green)Onion (dry bulb), GarlicOxyfluorfen(GoalTender) 4 ECOnion (dry bulb), Garlic (dry bulbCertain broadleaf weeds. Direct seeded only. Apply after crop has 2 Onion (dry bulb)Controls emerged weeds. Row middles only. Only 2 applications per season. Limit of 3 applications per year. PHI 60 daysControls emerged weeds. Row middles only. Use a shielded sprayer Onion (dry bulb), Shallot (dry bulb) Table 5. Fungicide Group1 Chemical Maximum Rate/Acre HarvestReentryVaries by C-S WDG, Champ DP, WG, Champion WP, C-O-C DF, C-O-C WP, Copper 40D, Cueva, Kentan DF, 2000, Kocide DF, Nordox, 50WP, Nu Cop 3L, Nu Cop 50DF, Nu Cop HBPowdery mildewCosavet DF, Kumulus DF, Micro Sulf, Microfine Sulfur, Microthiol Sulfur 90W, Super Six, That Flowable Sulfur, Tiolux Jet, Thiosperse 80%, Wettable Sulfur, Wettable Sulfur 92, Yellow Jacket Dusting Sulfur, Yellow Jacket Wettable Botrytis leaf blightDithane DF, Dithane 4FL, Penncozeb 75DF, Maneb 75 DF,Botrytis leaf blightManeb 80 WP,7 (dry bulb Botrytis leaf blightWeather Stik, Bravo Zn, Echo 90 DF, Echo Zn, SST, Equus DF, Initiate Vegetable Production HandbookTable 5. Fungicide Group1 Chemical Maximum Rate/Acre HarvestReentryTop cop with sulfurBotrytis Leaf Blight, Downy Mildew, Purple Topsin 4.5 FL,Topsin M 70 WP,Topsin M 70 WDG,Topsin M WSBBotrytis Leaf BlightBotrytis Neck RotNevado 4F,(dry bulb Botrytis Leaf BlightTiltOrius 3.6 F, Tebustar 3.6 L,Tebuzol 3.6,Toledo(dry bulb hydroxide) Table 5. Fungicide Group1 Chemical Maximum Rate/Acre HarvestReentry7 (dry bulb 7 (dry bulb Botrytis Leaf BlightBotrytis Leaf BlightVangard WGBotrytis Leaf BlightBotrytis neck rotBotrytis Leaf BlightBotrytis neck rotBotrytis leaf blightBotrytis leaf blight(dry bulb)Cercospora leaf spotPowdery MildewBotrytis leaf blight Vegetable Production HandbookTable 5. Fungicide Group1 Chemical Maximum Rate/Acre HarvestReentryBotrytis leaf blightBotrytis Neck rotQuadris TopCercospora leaf spotPowdery Mildew14 (dry Botrytis leaf blightoz (dry); 14 (dry Botrytis leaf blightBotrytis leaf blightBotrytis leaf blightBotrytis Neck Rot & 12White rotMaxim 4FS0.16 fl oz/100 lbs seedSeedling blight(fludioxonil)Damping off Chapter 14: Onion, Leek, and Chive Production in Florida Table 5. Fungicide Group1 Chemical Maximum Rate/Acre HarvestReentryTanosBotrytis leaf blightPowdery mildewPhorcephite,downy mildew. Do Botrytis leaf blightBotrytis neck rot Powdery mildew Vegetable Production HandbookTable 5. Fungicide Group1 Chemical Maximum Rate/Acre HarvestReentry(Acibenzolar-s-methyl)Iris Yellow SpotBotrytis leaf blightBotrytis neck rotPowdery mildewPowdery mildewBotrytisThe use of a spreader-Sticker is recommended. Powdery mildewOxidate, TerracleanBotrytisPowdery mildewPowdery mildewTrilogyweather.(Clove Oil; Rosemary Oil; Gray Mold, Porwdery Botrytis Neck Rot Tenet WPTrichoderma asperellumTrichoderma Table 6. Trade Name Harvest lepidopteran larvae (caterApply when larvae are small for best Dry bulb and garlic onlyregulator. OMRI-listedregulator. Treat when larvae are young. Good BotaniGard 22 WP, ESentire Bulb Vegetable Group.Crymax WDGUse high rate for armyworms. Treat when larvae are young.application per year. Treat when larvae are young. Good Dry bulb only Vegetable Production HandbookTable 6. Trade Name Harvest Slow - acting IGR (insect growth equipment or aerially. lepidopteran larvae, Green onion subgroup only.year.Treat when larvae are young. (dry, green), shallot.LV; *SPLV:Dry bulb, green onions, onlyLV; *SPLV:Garlic only.Dry bulb only bage looper, cutworms, Table 6. Trade Name Harvest *Telone*Telone IITrigardTrilogypotential for leaf burn. Toxic to bees *Warrior IITreat when larvae are young. use is consistent with the label of the product being used. Use pesticides safely. Read and follow label instructions.ssification v. 6.1 August 2008. 1A. Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors, Carbamates (nerve action)1B. Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors, Organophosphates (nerve action)2A. GABA-gated chloride channel antagonists (nerve action)3. Sodium channel modulators (nerve action)4A. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists (nerve action)5. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor allosteric activators (nerve action)6. Chloride channel activators (nerve and muscle action)12B. Inhibitors of mitochondrial ATP synthase (energy metabolism) 17. Molting disruptor, dipteran (growth regulation)22. Voltage-dependent sodium channel blockers (nerve action)28. Ryanodine receptor modulators (nerve and muscle action)* Restricted Use Only.